The input and the output characteristics of an n-p-n transistors can be studied by using the circuit shown in Fig.
collector-emitter voltage VCE is kept fixed while studying the dependence of I B on VBE.
The variation of the base current I B with the base-emitter voltage VBE is called the input characteristic.
Similarly, the variation of the collector current IC with the collector-emitter voltage VCE is called the output characteristic.
The transistor is most widely used in the CE configuration .
we shall confine our discussion to such n-p-n Si transistors only.
When a transistor is used in CE configuration, the input is between the base and the emitter and the output is between the collector and the emitter.
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