Christina

Living in my own aesthetic 🎨

[Christina @_Esma_TURE]

your inbox is ready for a new arrival 📦💕

[Christina @_Esma_TURE]

your inbox is ready for a new arrival 📦💕

[Christina @_Esma_TURE]

I only message my community 🌍😉

[Ryan Gosling @RyanGosling]

NEW BOOK: “Congo Stories” shares the voices of Congolese heroes. By @FidelBaf & John Prendergast, with photos by @RyanGosling #CongoStories https://t.co/DHEfOxUvFQ

[Christina @_Esma_TURE]

follow back and let’s start a chat thread 🧵💌

[Breaking911 @Breaking911]

BREAKING: U.S. national debt surpasses $40 trillion. https://t.co/voOlqlcR4V

[Christina @_Esma_TURE]

follow me back and let’s talk for a bit 🗣✨

[Archaeo - Histories @archeohistories]

Accusations of slavery and the slave trade often focus on Europe in the modern “guilt-driven” Western historiography, to the point where a significant percentage of people believe that slavery was invented or practiced exclusively by Europeans. However, the truth is that the history of slavery outside the West was a much more common and often more brutal practice.

Perhaps the most populous was the Arab slave trade, with numbers in the Sub-Saharan region alone estimated between 6 and 10 million. This trade emerged in the 7th century, a full 10 centuries before the Atlantic slave trade. Arabs sold Africans in the Middle East for various tasks, such as domestic work, porters, laborers, or harem guards. The castration of male slaves was a common practice, with little concern for their well-being, resulting in more than half of them bleeding to death. It is estimated that three-quarters of the captured slaves died before even reaching the slave markets for sale.

Arabs also established a large network for slave trading in Europe. It is estimated that up to 1.25 million Europeans were enslaved by Berber pirates, who raided villages in coastal Mediterranean countries such as Italy and France, the territories of the Eastern Roman Empire, and Atlantic countries like England and Ireland, transporting them to North Africa for sale. In some cases, entire villages were captured, such as the Irish seaside village of Baltimore, which was raided in 1631.

Of course, the slave trade was not an Arab invention either. On the contrary, the enslavement of conquered tribes was already a common practice in Central Africa. The West African Songhai Empire relied heavily on captured slaves at all levels of society, including soldiers, making it one of the most important sources of revenue. Africans themselves also played a significant role in facilitating the transatlantic slave trade centuries later. African tribes conducted raids on rival groups to provide slaves for sale, and African middlemen facilitated the trade between European merchants (a large percentage of whom were Jewish in origin during the 17th century) and African suppliers.

Additionally, many slaves captured by Berber pirates were sold eastward to the Ottoman Empire. These slaves came from Africa, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and Southeast Europe. A large portion of them were “employed” in sexual slavery, which was a significant part of Ottoman society. Slavic women were highly preferred as slaves, and Köçeks became a popular source of entertainment in the 19th century—these were young boys, usually of European origin, who were circumcised and trained as dancers.

Moreover, hereditary slavery is documented in China dating back to the Xia dynasty around 2100 B.C. There were even Africans who were bought along the Silk Road and used as a symbol of wealth. Naturally, the owner had unlimited power over them and could resell or kill them if they were deemed no longer useful. Additionally, Chinese law began to treat women as property around 1000 A.D., and it became common practice to sell daughters and sisters as slaves. During the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), laws were issued to limit the ownership of slaves: each king or duke was allowed a maximum of 200 slaves, an imperial princess could have up to 100 slaves, and other officials were limited to 30 slaves each. Vietnam became a major source of slaves, particularly for sexual purposes, during its over thousand-year occupation by Chinese dynasties (111 BC – 939 AD).

📷 : an Orientalist oil painting titled A Caravan (Kidnapped Slave Girls in the Desert) by the Swiss artist Otto Pilny, created before his death in 1936.

#archaeohistories

[Cristiano Ronaldo @Cristiano]

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