SSH Penetration Testing (Port 22)
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SSH (Secure Shell) is a cryptographic protocol used for secure remote login and command execution over unsecured networks. During penetration testing, misconfigurations or weak credentials in SSH services can allow attackers to gain unauthorized access. ()
๐ Techniques Covered in This Guide
๐ Enumeration with Nmap
๐ Password Cracking using Hydra
โก Authentication using Metasploit
๐ป Running Commands on Remote Machine
๐ SSH Port Redirection
๐งช Nmap SSH Brute Force Script
๐ Enumerating SSH Authentication Methods
๐ Key-Based Authentication
๐ Key-Based Authentication using Metasploit
๐ฆ Post Exploitation using Metasploit
๐ Local Port Forwarding (Password Based)
๐ Local Port Forwarding (Key Based)
๐ Article:
https://t.co/QcYf2wWuu3
#CyberSecurity #EthicalHacking #Pentesting #SSH #RedTeam #InfoSec
OSI Model Clearly Explained
The OSI model is a fundamental framework for understanding how network interactions occur.
It comprises seven distinct layers, each with its own roles and responsibilities, working together to facilitate communication across systems and devices.
๐๐ฝ๐ฝ๐น๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐น๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ (๐๐ณ)
Interfaces directly with end-user applications to provide network services. It manages application-level protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP, which enable services such as web browsing and email.
๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ฒ๐๐ฒ๐ป๐๐ฎ๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐น๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ (๐๐ฒ)
Translates data between network and application formats. It manages data encryption, compression, and formatting. It maintains system interoperability by ensuring data is readable by both the sender and the recipient.
๐ฆ๐ฒ๐๐๐ถ๐ผ๐ป ๐น๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ (๐๐ฑ)
This layer manages the creation, maintenance, and termination of communication sessions between applications for efficient data transfer. Supports full-duplex and half-duplex communication to ensure proper sequencing and coordination in multi-way exchanges.
๐ง๐ฟ๐ฎ๐ป๐๐ฝ๐ผ๐ฟ๐ ๐น๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ (๐๐ฐ)
It coordinates end-to-end communication by delivering data to the correct application through ports, using either reliable delivery (TCP) or unreliable but faster methods (UDP). Error checking, flow control, and segmentation are used in the transport layer to achieve reliable data transfer.
๐ก๐ฒ๐๐๐ผ๐ฟ๐ธ ๐น๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ (๐๐ฏ)
Handles data routing, forwarding and addressing, determining the optimal path for data to reach its destination using protocols like IP and ICMP.
๐๐ฎ๐๐ฎ ๐น๐ถ๐ป๐ธ ๐น๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ (๐๐ฎ)
Facilitates reliable data transfer across physical network links.
Provides error detection and correction.
Manages how data is placed onto the network medium.
Uses protocols like Ethernet and PPP.
๐ฃ๐ต๐๐๐ถ๐ฐ๐ฎ๐น ๐น๐ฎ๐๐ฒ๐ฟ (๐๐ญ)
This layer forms the foundation of the OSI model, converting raw bitstreams into signals for transmission over physical media.
It defines the hardware specifications for transmission, including the types of physical media that can be used, such as cables and wireless. It deals with electrical signals, cable types, and data rates.
The OSI model is grounded in principles that support structured and predictable data movement. Each layer operates independently, simplifying design and troubleshooting.
Data is encapsulated with headers as it moves down the layers and decapsulated as it ascends, preserving information integrity.
By standardizing communication, this framework promotes system interoperability and supports global data exchange
Infrastructure Concept โ explained:
What is Anycast Routing?
When you query Google's DNS at 8.8.8.8, where exactly is that server?
The answer: it depends on where YOU are.
8.8.8.8 isn't one server. It's hundreds of servers around the world, all advertising the same IP address. Your request automatically goes to the nearest one due to anycast routing.
How Anycast works:
Multiple servers in different locations all announce the same IP to the internet using BGP. When a user makes a request, BGP routing naturally sends it to the closest server based on network topology.
The same IP. Different physical locations. No DNS tricks. No load balancer redirects. The internet itself does the routing.
Real-world uses:
DNS resolvers: (8.8.8.8, 1.1.1.1), fast lookups globally.
CDNs: Cloudflare uses Anycast for edge servers.
DDoS protection: absorbs attacks across many locations.
Time servers (NTP): accurate time globally.
Critical infrastructure where speed matters.
Anycast vs other casting types:
Unicast: One sender to one receiver (most internet traffic)
Multicast: One sender to a defined group of receivers
Broadcast: One sender to everyone on a network.
Anycast: One sender to the closest receiver.
This is why public DNS is fast, no matter where you are. The "server" you're talking to is literally next door.