Wee-Lee Ang

visiphilic data janitor and history geek

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

#112

[Battuta🌿 @lbnBattuta]

Ottoman depiction of the Persian poet and traveler Saadi, disguised as a 'Chinese Monk' (17th century)

Interestingly, it depicts the clothing of a Ming-era official. Presumably, the artist based this on an actual Ming painting.

However, how he acquired this is a total mystery.

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

@ddkarakullukcu Japan, e.g., uses トルコ to address both Turk and Turkey, probably because they do not have the opportunities to meet non-Turkic Turkish people in the port. Curiously, in Malaya, we call Portuguese "Farangi" (Persian phonetic approximation فرنگی for Franks/Germanic people)

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

@ddkarakullukcu Hmm, I am a bit confused now. Is Ottoman genetically or memetically Turkish or Turkic then?

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

@luxentX One version of the formula was instead recorded by John Leyden and Ibrahim Kandu using Bengali script. The final line is written as: শ্রীধর্ম্মরাজাধীরাছ রাছ পরমেশ্বরহ (Sri dharma raja diraja, Raja Parameswara)

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

@luxentX The Perak version is known as Ciri, whereas the Negeri Sembilan variant of Ciri was not documented by any British administrators. Not sure if it is modelled after the same formula.

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

@WarriorK31136 Kumpulan administrator ini telah cipta banyak istilah-istilah hibrid yang kita pakai tiap-tiap hari sekarang, e.g. "keluarga" yang dibentuk oleh bahasa Austroasiatik/Austronesian tulen "kula" + bahasa Bharat (varga वर्ग).

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

@WarriorK31136 Proses ini membawa kepada pembentukan hibrid budaya Bharat–Austroasiatik-Austronesian, yang seterusnya membolehkan kelompok campuran ini muncul sebagai sebahagian daripada kelas pemerintah dalam struktur sosial setempat.

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

@KurangGulaPutih @snobbyirene In some simpler cases, particularly for well-connected (n − 3) individuals, the employer could instead be a relatively affluent relative already established in Malaya.

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

@KurangGulaPutih @snobbyirene Similarly, the Bataks were also fleeing internal conflicts in Sumatra, like Padri War and other periods of civil unrest. Their movements were likewise often structured and facilitated through networks of labor recruiters and intermediaries supplying mercenary and contract labor.

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

@KurangGulaPutih @snobbyirene Both B and C would typically have an initial point of contact in Malaya, i.e., the offices or agents of contract labor vendors. From there, workers would be assigned and dispatched to specific work sites once agreements were secured with employers.

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

Since the vowel between D and R in درهاک is not explicitly written, there are traditionally two ways to represent its pronunciation. The term can also be rendered as durhaka, which, in my view, is a more phonetically faithful reflection of the original Persian form.

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

The concept of derhaka (درهاک) is of considerable antiquity. According to one theory, the term was originally formed from Old Persian 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥 (drauga = lie = the ancestor of modern Persian دروغ) and a Middle Persian suffix 𐎣𐎠𐎼 (kar = doer).

[Wee-Lee Ang @angweelee]

From there, the term eventually spread into the Malay world as derhaka, where it came to denote rebellion against or disloyalty toward a ruler, parent, boss, or other legitimate authority.