10 Most Important Judicial Cases related to Environmental Governance
1. Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, 1991: Held that the right to life under Article 21 includes the right to pollution-free water and air.
2. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India, 1996 - Recognised sustainable development, precautionary principle and polluter pays principle as part of Indian environmental law.
3. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, 1986 — Oleum Gas Leak case: Introduced absolute liability for hazardous industries.
4. M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath, 1997 - Strengthened the public trust doctrine. (State as trustee of natural resources.)
5. T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union of India, 1996 onwards: Expanded the meaning of forest and led to continuing judicial supervision over forest governance.
6. Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India, 1996 - Applied the polluter pays principle and made polluters liable for restoration costs.
7. A.P. Pollution Control Board v. Prof. M.V. Nayudu, 1999 - Emphasised precautionary principle, scientific uncertainty and the need for expert environmental decision-making.
8. M.K. Ranjitsinh v. Union of India, 2024 — Great Indian Bustard case: Recognised the right against adverse effects of climate change under Articles 14 and 21.
9. Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P., 1985–87 — Doon Valley case: Early environmental PIL where harmful limestone quarrying was restricted.
10. Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India, 2000: Balanced large development projects with environmental concerns and rehabilitation.
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