There are mussel shells along Midwestern rivers with neat circles cut out of them. The missing pieces went onto somebody’s shirt.
By 1905, Muscatine, Iowa, was producing 1.5 billion buttons a year. Workers cut them from freshwater mussel shells hauled out of American rivers. “Pearl buttons” came from the shell itself, the lustrous inner layer called mother-of-pearl.
The harvesting equipment was simple and ugly. A boat dragged lines of metal hooks across a mussel bed. When a hook touched the animal inside, it clamped shut. Its own reflex helped pull it out of the river.
At the factories, workers drilled circular blanks from the shells, ground and polished them, then drilled the sewing holes. Women sorted the finished buttons by color. A clothing manufacturer wanted thousands that matched. The river supplied different species, different shades.
As nearby beds thinned out, suppliers went farther afield. Mussels take years to grow. A factory could cut through the supply much faster.
In 1908, Congress established the Fairport Biological Station near Muscatine to research and propagate freshwater mussels. Button manufacturers supplied the land. Their industry had reached the point where keeping the animals reproducing had become a federal research problem.
The punched shells went back into rivers or found other uses. In Indiana, factory waste surfaced roads and walkways. Some lined graves.
A shell full of round holes is worth a second look. You’re seeing what was left after someone cut the merchandise out.
@toadmeister Montrose, Angus. The dredging of the port is causing massive coastal erosion. Montrose is the main hub for 3 major wind farms. It's scandalous and the SNP are hiding it - blaming it on extreme weather. No one cares.
@GVDBossche Forever indebted to you Geert, it takes courage to speak out as you do. My children, with their intact, innate robust immunity thank you also.
🚨 Breaking: Stephen Bradbury has been acquitted at Derby Magistrates’ Court.
He had been charged with sending menacing communications, contrary to Section 127 of the Communications Act 2003.
The case concerned two posts in which he criticised Labour MP Naz Shah, who had liked and shared a post from a Owen Jones parody account that stated, in reference to the Rotherham grooming gang scandal: “Those abused girls in Rotherham and elsewhere just need to shut their mouths. For the good of #diversity.”
Although Mr Bradbury’s comments can be seen as offensive, rude and even unpleasant for Ms Shah, the court recognised that freedom of speech is a fundamental democratic right.
Naz Shah conceded during proceedings that there was a disproportionate representation of Pakistani men in grooming cases.
The judge found Bradbury not guilty on the basis that he had been “ranting” and did not intend to intimidate.
Sol 186: Mast Camera (Mastcam)
This image was taken by MAST_RIGHT onboard NASA's Mars rover Curiosity on Sol 186 (2013-02-13T07:38:27.000Z)
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
https://t.co/x9GGv0uJOS
Sol 193: Mast Camera (Mastcam)
This image was taken by MAST_RIGHT onboard NASA's Mars rover Curiosity on Sol 193 (2013-02-20T13:58:14.000Z)
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
https://t.co/EVKJ4oNnbw
Accents: Glaswegian (Scottish)
In this video from bygone Britain, a few lads discuss the tribal and rough reality of growing up in Glasgow.
The Glaswegian accent is a distinct hybrid of West-Central Scots, Scottish English, and heavy 19th/20th-century immigrant influences (particularly from Ireland and the Scottish Highlands). I for one find the Scottish accent very comforting (whichever region it's from).
@ABridgen He compared COVID to Ebola. An ex dentist who made daily propaganda TV appearances easily digestible for the common people, purportedly a good moral Christian also.
The Ministry of Justice let a convicted ISIS terrorist loose on our streets.
It took a journalist contacting them for him to be recalled to prison.
Now they say he can’t be deported because he might face mistreatment.
I don’t care about his treatment.
He must be deported.
@Jason_Jorjani@pBinx1 Killed by whom? The native, indigenous population of each country? In the UK we also have a large number of Africans who are mostly Christian, there are Sikhs, Hindus etc. There is an Islamic blasphemy law now in the UK, so they must be aware of the rising tensions.
@ABridgen@spikedonline Fraser Myers heavily pushed the gene therapy injections during the scamdemic, so they have form on this. Who funds them I wonder?
The Sombrero Galaxy in Real Time
Watch the Sombrero Galaxy (M104) as it appears through a backyard telescope — a striking spiral roughly 31.1 million light-years from the Milky Way. Even in live views, its bright central bulge and dark dust lane create the distinctive hat-like silhouette that makes it one of the most recognizable galaxies in the night sky.