Rukundo Mayira Derrick

Whatever you become, let kindness lead.

[𝗠𝗽𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗯𝗮𝗻𝘆𝗶/ARCHIVES 🇷🇼❤️ @Inkotayi_Imena]

Ubuyobozi (Administration) bwa Bravo Mobile Force

Mu rugamba rwo kubohora u Rwanda no guhagarika Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, umutwe wa Bravo Mobile Force wari ufite ubuyobozi bukomeye kandi bunoze bwafashaga ingabo gusohoza neza inshingano zazo. Uyu mutwe wayoborwaga na Col. Ludovick Twahirwa (Dodo) wari Umugaba Mukuru wawo, akungirizwa na Brig. Gen. John Peter Bagabo wari Umuyobozi Wungirije, icyo gihe afite ipeti rya Lieutenant Colonel. Ishami ry’ibikorwa bya gisirikare n’urugamba ryari riyobowe na Maj. Sewanyana, mu gihe ishami ry’iperereza ryari rishinzwe Capt. Gacinya Rugumya, ubu akaba ari Brig. Gen. (Rtd). Ubufatanye n’ubunyamwuga bw’aya mashami byagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutegura no kuyobora ibikorwa by’umutwe mu bihe bikomeye by’urugamba.

Mu rwego rwo gukomeza indangagaciro, imyitwarire myiza n’ubumwe bw’abasirikare, ishami rya Politiki n’Uburere ryari riyobowe na Maj. Karera Denis, ubu akaba ari Commissioner of Police (CP) uri mu kiruhuko cy’izabukuru. Imiyoborere n’imicungire ya buri munsi byari bishinzwe Capt. Emmanuel Kanamugire wari ushinzwe ubuyobozi n’imicungire (Administration Officer), mu gihe Capt. Sam Baguma, yari Umufasha Wihariye w’Umugaba Mukuru (Aide-de-Camp). Ubwitange, ubushishozi n’umurava byaranze aba bayobozi n’abo bakoranaga byabaye inkingi ya mwamba mu mikorere ya Bravo Mobile Force, bituma uyu mutwe ugira uruhare rugaragara mu kubohora igihugu no guhagarika Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.

[𝗠𝗽𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗯𝗮𝗻𝘆𝗶/ARCHIVES 🇷🇼❤️ @Inkotayi_Imena]

This video highlights the origins of Rwanda’s liberation struggle and the important contributions made by Rwandan refugees both abroad and within the country. It illustrates how many Tutsi, despite being displaced, excluded, or forced into refugee life, remained committed to the struggle for their rights and for a peaceful, united Rwanda.

The video also demonstrates the resilience and determination of the RPA/F Inkotanyi under the leadership of His Excellency President Paul Kagame. Beginning with very limited resources and equipment, they faced a well-armed regime that later carried out the Genocide against the Tutsi. Through discipline, strategic leadership, and the support of Rwandans both inside and outside the country, the liberation forces gradually strengthened their capabilities. Materials and equipment captured from defeated former government forces (Ex-FAR) during battles contributed to improving their operational capacity.

We express our sincere appreciation to all those who contributed to Rwanda’s liberation, including refugees in the diaspora and those who endured hardship within the country. We also recognize the courage, sacrifice, and leadership of President Paul Kagame and the Inkotanyi, whose efforts helped stop the Genocide against the Tutsi and laid the foundation for peace, unity, security, and national development. Their legacy continues to inspire future generations to uphold the values of patriotism, resilience, and human dignity.

[Rukundo Mayira Derrick @Kind__0]

We pay tribute to H.E. President Paul Kagame for his visionary leadership, courage, and resilience. His role in the liberation struggle and in stopping the Genocide against the Tutsi helped restore peace, unity, and hope for Rwanda.

Thank you so much AFANDE!

[𝗠𝗽𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗯𝗮𝗻𝘆𝗶/ARCHIVES 🇷🇼❤️ @Inkotayi_Imena]

This video highlights the origins of Rwanda’s liberation struggle and the important contributions made by Rwandan refugees both abroad and within the country. It illustrates how many Tutsi, despite being displaced, excluded, or forced into refugee life, remained committed to the struggle for their rights and for a peaceful, united Rwanda.

The video also demonstrates the resilience and determination of the RPA/F Inkotanyi under the leadership of His Excellency President Paul Kagame. Beginning with very limited resources and equipment, they faced a well-armed regime that later carried out the Genocide against the Tutsi. Through discipline, strategic leadership, and the support of Rwandans both inside and outside the country, the liberation forces gradually strengthened their capabilities. Materials and equipment captured from defeated former government forces (Ex-FAR) during battles contributed to improving their operational capacity.

We express our sincere appreciation to all those who contributed to Rwanda’s liberation, including refugees in the diaspora and those who endured hardship within the country. We also recognize the courage, sacrifice, and leadership of President Paul Kagame and the Inkotanyi, whose efforts helped stop the Genocide against the Tutsi and laid the foundation for peace, unity, security, and national development. Their legacy continues to inspire future generations to uphold the values of patriotism, resilience, and human dignity.

[Rukundo Mayira Derrick @Kind__0]

#Burundi and the #DRC remain among the largest debtors to the East African Community (EAC).

Meanwhile, the EAC Secretariat has officially announced a USD 110,863,576 budget for the current fiscal cycle. @FelixMugenzi @UrujeniNathalie @Rudakangwa1xhy @Patriote257 @damiennkaka

[Dr. Ntwali @NtwaliWanyu1]

Before you sleep, take time to learn about Rwanda’s achievements and history, and listen to the wisdom of H.E. Mrs. Jeannette Kagame.

H.E. Mrs. Jeannette Kagame is a devoted First Lady, mother, and advocate for vulnerable communities in Rwanda.

Through the Imbuto Foundation and other initiatives, she has promoted education, health, social cohesion, and the empowerment of women and youth.

She serves as the patron of SOS Children’s Village Rwanda and Chairperson of Unity Club, which promotes national unity and long-term development.

As a former President of the Organization of African First Ladies for Development (OAFLAD), she has also contributed to the advancement of Africa through various international organizations.

Her leadership and dedication have played an important role in improving the lives of many Rwandans and advancing Rwanda’s Vision 2050 and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Mama Rwanda♥️🇷🇼

[Rukundo Mayira Derrick @Kind__0]

The gap between rhetoric and reality in the DRC. The Tshisekedi Police perfectly illustrates the breakdown of institutional discipline under the Tshisekedi administration. Congolese deserve professional protection, not street-level escalation. #DRC #Kinshasa

[Mugenzi Félix @FelixMugenzi]

Les Policiers de #Tshisekedi ont agit avec professionnalisme....🤣🤣

[MY250TV 🇷🇼 @MY250TV]

Abegukanye imyanya ya mbere muri Full Marathon mu bagabo no mu bagore bahawe buri umwe igihembo cya 20.000$, amafaranga arenga miliyoni 29,3 Frw. Uwa kabiri yahembwe 15.000$, uwa gatatu ahabwa 7.500$, uwa kane 5.000$, uwa gatanu 3.000$, uwa gatandatu 2.000$, uwa karindwi 1.500$, naho uwa munani ahabwa 1.000$.

Mu cyiciro cya Half Marathon (21 km), abegukanye imyanya ya mbere mu bagabo no mu bagore bahawe buri umwe 5.000$, asaga miliyoni 7 Frw. Uwa kabiri yahembwe 4.000$, uwa gatatu 3.000$, uwa kane 2.000$, uwa gatanu 1.000$, uwa gatandatu 800$, uwa karindwi 500$, naho uwa munani ahabwa 400$.

[KIGALIAN @TheKigalian_]

President Kagame found #Rwanda as a completely devastated nation,he therefore rebuilt it and transformed it into one of Africa's stable nations.

This nice song from @ross_kana1 describes it better than just words.

@BahoNtaganira @NoelKambanda @gatjmv @MarieKresbach @mutesi_lydie @EgidieBibio @Dachronica @Rugusuki @ali_naka @coachgaelk @155AmMedia @sir_damass @manuhavuga @RealMumbogo_S @CalvinMutsinzi

[Rukundo Mayira Derrick @Kind__0]

“Kuri twebwe, intero n’inyikirizo izakomeza kuba Ndi
Umunyarwanda. Ishingiro ry’ubumwe bwacu n’inzozi
dusangiye; dusangiye umuco, dusangiye ururimi,
dusangiye igihugu, n’Imana y’u Rwanda kandi ikaba
imwe.” - Nyakubahwa Madamu Jeannette Kagame

[Rukundo Mayira Derrick @Kind__0]

“Kuri twebwe, intero n’inyikirizo izakomeza kuba Ndi
Umunyarwanda. Ishingiro ry’ubumwe bwacu n’inzozi
dusangiye; dusangiye umuco, dusangiye ururimi,
dusangiye igihugu, n’Imana y’u Rwanda kandi ikaba
imwe.” - Nyakubahwa Madamu Jeannette Kagame

[Rukundo Mayira Derrick @Kind__0]

@joel_biraro @FelixMugenzi @DavidHimbara @KigenzaIvan @iRusagara @albcontact @BBadrama @evaristemur @FabRugumire @freyntje @Rugusuki @r_rukaka @FilsDeBoncoeur @jpturayishimye Ku nzu y’umwanzi niyo havuyeho agataka gato ni Intsinzi, yaba yagudukaga

[Dr. Jean Damascene BIZIMANA @DrDamascene]

Le saviez-vous? Le lien génocidaire du duo Denise Zaneza et Théophile Mpozembizi se trouve à Bugarama, District de Rusizi, au Rwanda.

@dzaneza et @MpozeTheo sont deux acteurs très engagés du négationnisme du génocide commis contre les Tutsi. C’est le premier lien qui les unit. Le second est celui de la cause de ce choix négationniste, lequel se situe dans la défense de leurs parents impliqués dans la planification et l’exécution du génocide commis contre les Tutsi à la Cimenterie du Rwanda (CIMERWA) et ses environs à Bugarama ainsi qu'à Bisesero, entre avril et juillet 1994.

DES FAITS PROBANTS

A. le père de Denise Zaneza se nomme Marcel Sebatware et était directeur général de la CIMERWA depuis 1983. Le père de Théophile Mpozembizi s’appelle Jean Pierre Mpozembizi et travaillait à la CIMERWA comme chef de service électricité depuis le 4 mars 1988. Marcel Sebatware et Jean Pierre Mpozembizi sont originaires de l’AKAZU fief du régime militaire de Juvénal Habyarimana, planificateur du génocide des Tutsi entre octobre 1990 et avril 1994. Les deux notables dirigeaient la CIMERWA d’une main de fer et étaient de redoutables activistes du hutu power (MRND/CDR).

B. A partir d’octobre 1990, Marcel Sebatware et Jean Pierre Mpozembizi tous deux membres du parti extrémiste hutu CDR se sont entendus pour concevoir un plan d’encadrement politique de la CIMERWA en créant un groupe d’extrémistes hutu pour la plupart venant de leurs familles, en vue du contrôle de l’usine à des fins génocidaires composé comme suit :
1) Daphrose Nyirankundwankize épouse de Marcel Sebatware et agent de la CIMERWA au poste de teneur des livres (celle-ci était la nièce du général Déogratias Nsabimana chef d’état-major des ex-force armées rwandaises depuis juillet 1992);
2) Théoneste Sebageni beau-frère de Marcel Sebatware, ayant épousé sa sœur Claudine. Sebageni et Claudine étaient embauchés au poste de personnels de service ;
3) Casimir Ndolimana ingénieur en chef et membre de la CDR
4) Assoumani Ntibankundiye ingénieur chef de service « cuisson » recruté en 1990, membre de la CDR ;
5) Nkusi David Wilson, également CDR, gestionnaire d’intendance embauché en 1992 servait d’agent d’informations ;
6) Gaspard Kazungu, ingénieur et époux de Laurence Mukankaka fille présumée du puissant bourgmestre de Bicumbi, Laurent Semanza, très proche du président Habyarimana. Laurence Mukankaka fut affectée au service de gestion du personnel ;
7) Kamanzi Meschac ancien bourgmestre de Bugarama et Député MRND embauché à la CIMERWA de 1989-1993. Kamanzi fut renommé bourgmestre en 1993 jusqu’au génocide.

C. A partir de 1992, en application de la technique du régime Habyarimana d’installer des cellules dites d’auto-défense dans tout le pays, ce groupe d’extrémistes hutu dirigé par Sebatware et Mpozembizi a créé à la CIMERWA et ses environs un groupe de miliciens interahamwe en vue de l’exécution du génocide contre les Tutsi. Leur encadrement s’opérait en collaboration étroite avec les dirigeants du MRND-CDR dans la préfecture de Cyangugu notamment :

1) Le très puissant chef milicien Yussuf Munyakazi, grand agriculteur du lieu et homme d’affaires prospère à Bugarama. Il entretenait plus de 300 miliciens et avait de ce fait un pouvoir plus étendu que celui des militaires de Bugarama. Yussuf Munyakazi pouvait mobiliser dans un laps de temps plusieurs dizaines de jeunes à qui il engageait dans ses plantations et leur offrait un salaire, raison pour laquelle il avait une puissante autorité sur tous les plans. Munyakazi Yussuf a été jugé et reconnu coupable de génocide par le Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda.
2) Edouard Bandetse homme d’affaires au Centre de négoce de Nyakabuye et trésorier du Comité préfectoral du MRND ;
3) Elias Bakundukize, homme d’affaires au centre commercial de Bugarama, près du siège de la CIMERWA
4) Bareberaho Bantari Ripa, agronome de préfecture de Cyangugu et président de la CDR au niveau préfectoral, actuellement en fuite au Canada ;
5) Colonel en retraite Claudien Singirankabo, responsable de la défense civile en préfecture de Cyangugu ;
6) Lt Samüel Imanishimwe chef de l’armée à Cyangugu
7) Major Vincent Munyarugerero, chef de la gendarmerie de Cyangugu jusqu’en mai 1994 avant qu’il ne soit remplacé par le Lt Col Innocent Bavugamenshi qui, lui, n’a pas participé au génocide et a protégé des Tutsi entassés au camp de Nyarushishi en juin 1994. Il est le seul officier opérant à Cyangugu en 1994 à n’avoir pas commis de génocide. Il est mort de maladie. Paix à son âme.

D. En 1992-1993, ce groupe d’extrémistes hutu notables de Bugarama, encadré par Marcel Sebatware et Jean Pierre Mpozembizi a élaboré des listes de tutsi à tuer, formé et armé des miliciens hutu préparés pour l’exécution du génocide. Ce groupe a terrorisé, menacé au quotidien et torturé des tutsi agents de la CIMERWA et leurs familles. Puis, à partir d’avril 1994 plus particulièrement aux dates du 14-17 avril 1994, une extermination massive, systématique et généralisée des Tutsi de Bugarama a eu lieu sous la coordination de Marcel Sebatware et Jean Pierre Mpozembizi. Ces deux planificateurs du génocide jouèrent un rôle clé dans l’extermination des Tutsi en 1994. Ils ont régulièrement participé à l’organisation des tueries avec des militaires et miliciens. La CIMERWA qu’ils contrôlaient de main de maître a fourni des véhicules et du carburant pour le transport des miliciens allant tuer dans différents endroits de Cyangugu et Kibuye, plus particulièrement à Mibilizi, au Stade Kamarampaka, Kibogora, Nyamasheke, Shangi, Gashirabwoba, Hanika, Nkanka, Mururu, Nyarushishi, Bisesero, etc. La CIMERWA sous les ordres de Marcel Sebatware et Jean Pierre Mpozembizi offrait également des bières pour renforcer le moral des miliciens.

E. A leur fuite au Zaïre après la défaite du régime génocidaire, Marcel Sebatware et Jean Pierre Mpozembizi ont organisé le démontage et le pillage complet de la CIMERWA et emporté le matériel au Zaïre et l’ont vendu. Ils ont vidé toutes les stations de carburant de l’usine, tout cela avec l’encadrement du ministre Justin Mugenzi en charge du commerce et industries dans le gouvernement génocidaire. Ils ont emporté tout ce butin ainsi que les fonds de l’usine estimé à plusieurs centaines de milliers de dollars pour assurer la survie du gouvernement génocidaire pendant son exil. Ils espéraient revenir de force au Rwanda et gagner une victoire militaire.

CONCLUSION

Tel est l’héritage familial caché que défend Denise Zaneza et Théophile Mpozembizi sous la casquette de l’opposition ou de défense des droits humains. Ils devraient plutôt garantir le respect des droits humains en se séparant des crimes de leurs parents et leur traduction en justice pour des crimes graves internationaux de génocide et crimes contre l’humanité qu’ils ont commis à Bugarama, Cyangugu et Kibuye en 1994.
A bon entendeur, Salut.

[Shema Yoonus🇷🇼🇨🇩 @ShemaYolo]

Interahamwe zaratsinzwe..

#Interahamwe, @RWALINDAP , mwene Rukaza na Bizagwira bose bafunzwe bazira gutsemba abatutsi, yashakanye n'i nterahamwe kazi Nyiranganizi Febronie, yamamaje urwango kuri Radiyo Rwanda, ndetse ikanashishikariza Abahutu kwica Abatutsi ku muvuduko munini mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. uyumusaza rero yaje kwisanga mumazu yabazungu akora uturimo twomunzu zabazungu, yageze mubihugu byohanze nkizindi nterahamwe zose ukobazitwaraga mumasanduku yimyenda ubuyirirwa amoka nkimbwa zasaze ngo icyamubabaje babatesheje abatutsi ngo intego yarugetsemba, kurubu arimubuyobozi bwikitwa #FDU/Inkingi group yibumbiye hamwe igizwe nabakoze genocide bagatoroka ubutabera, kwigamba kwica abatutsi kumuryango wiwabo ndetse nogupfobya genocide nibyo bimuranga, interahamwe ni inshuti zasekibi Imana yomwijuru irazanga cyane kuko zitandukanije nikiza. @dzaneza @TheoMpoze @NKasinge @shinani1 @VictoireUmuhoza @KUpatriot @umutalibani @AAwithJGS @parody_250

[𝗠𝗽𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗯𝗮𝗻𝘆𝗶/ARCHIVES 🇷🇼❤️ @Inkotayi_Imena]

"Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika n’Ingabo yari ayoboye bamaze guhagarika Jenoside yakorerwaga Abatutsi, yatuvugutiye umuti washariraga cyane ariko icyiza ni uko na we yabanje kuwunywaho."

Rose Mukankomeje uri mu bashinze Umuryango IBUKA, yavuze ko kubaho k’uyu Muryango gushingiye ku isezerano ryatanzwe biturutse ku bwitange bw’Inkotanyi zahagaritse Jenoside yakorerwaga Abatutsi. #RBAAmakuru #Kwibuka32

[𝗠𝗽𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗯𝗮𝗻��𝗶/ARCHIVES 🇷🇼❤️ @Inkotayi_Imena]

The UN mission in Rwanda
It’s been three decades since Dallaire witnessed the largest genocide since the Holocaust as the force commander of United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR.)

Within three bloody months in 1994, more than 1000,000 Tutsi were killed.

“I warned them that this thing was going to explode and create massive killings,” Dallaire said, adding he asked the UN for logistical support and an extra 2,000 soldiers.


His requests were denied and he then defied orders to pull his troops out. Dallaire came back to Canada shattered by what he witnessed. “There was no victory parade,” he said.

“When you lose troops and you see them injured for life, the sense of guilt of having survived and others not, the mission failing and living with the impact of that. All those things are real. You can't expect that society can grasp what you have gone through.”
“I was scaring my family, I was ill-tempered and non-communicative and difficult. The guy that came back from Rwanda was not the guy that left—I was a different person.”

[𝗠𝗽𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗯𝗮𝗻𝘆𝗶/ARCHIVES 🇷🇼❤️ @Inkotayi_Imena]

The video says it all. Deep appreciation to the RDF and its Commander-in-Chief for their service, dedication, and commitment to Rwanda. 🇷🇼

[𝗠𝗽𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗺𝗯𝗮𝗻𝘆𝗶/ARCHIVES 🇷🇼❤️ @Inkotayi_Imena]

AMAGAMBO YAKORESHWEJE NABI KUVA 1950s KUGEZA 1994, N'UBU HARI ABAKIYAKORESHA

Hari ibice mu mateka ya politiki y’u Rwanda byibukwa, mu buryo bw'imihango, mu buryo bw'irobanura, cyangwa rimwe na rimwe mu buryo bwo kwiregura. Ariko hari n'ibindi bice bitasuzumwe neza na gato. Muri ibyo harimo ikoreshwa nabi ry'amagambo nka repubulika, uburepubulika, na demokarasi.
Inkomoko y’ayo magambo ihamya ubusabane, gusangira , no gushyira imbere icyagirira bose akamaro: Ariko mu Rwanda, mu gihe cy’imyaka ya 1957 kugeza 1994, uburyo yakoreshejwe muri politiki bwatanze ibitandukanye n’ibyo bisobanura.
Twivugire kuri "repubulika" n’ubusobanuro bwayo. Res publica,ikintu cya bose, ntibyigeze biba ikirango cy’umurimbo gusa. Kuva mu bitekerezo bya kera, byumvikanishaga gahunda ya politiki ishingiye ku bwenegihugu, uburinganire imbere y'amategeko, no kurinda icyubahiro cya muntu. Cicero yasobanuye repubulika nka "umutungo w'abaturage," atari umutungo w'agatsiko kiyitirira abaturage nkuko byagenze kuri Leta Mputu.
Hannah Arendt yaburiye ko politiki isenyuka iyo ubwinshi bw'ibitekerezo (plurality) bwamaganwe, ashimangira ko "isi iri hagati y'abantu," atari mu gatsiko kamwe kiyise "benshi". Jean-Jacques Rousseau yashimangiye ko ubusegetsi ari ubw'ubushake bw'abaturage bose (general will), atari ubushake bw'agatsiko kamwe gashingiye ku bwoko.
Alexis de Tocqueville na we yaburiye ko demokarasi ishobora kubora ikaba "igitugu cya benshi" (tyranny of the majority) iyo itaye uburyo bwo kurinda abake (minorities). Repubulika, mu muco uwo ari wo wose ukomeye, ntishobora kubana n'itandukanya n'ihezwa ry'igice cy'abaturage bayo. Nyamara uwo ni wo mwivumbuko uranga amagambo menshi ya politiki y'u Rwanda nyuma y'ubukoni.
1959 N'IHURIZO RY'U RWANDA
Mu mpera z’imyaka ya 1950, hagaragaye itandukaniro ryaya magambo. U Rwanda rwagize amacakubiri ashingiye ku bwoko. Ku wa 3 Nzeri 1959, ishyaka rishya rya politiki, Rwandese National Union (UNAR) ryaravutse, rigaragaza icyivugo cyavugaga amagambo y’ubwenegihugu bwa bunze ubumwe. Dukurikije raporo y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yo ku wa 3 Kamena 1960, ryahamagariraga "ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda bose... nta kuvangura amoko, imibereho cyangwa idini," hagamijwe kwitegeka mu 1960 n'ubwigenge mu 1962. Ibyo byari bifite umwuka wa kirepubulika ugaragara.
Ariko bidatinze, undi murongo waravutse, wakoresheje akariro n'amagambo nk'intwaro. Ku wa 9 Ukwakira 1959, ishyaka rya Parti du Mouvement de l’Émancipation Hutu (PARMEHUTU), ryaturutse kuri Mouvement Social Hutu yashinzwe mbere gato ya 1957, ryatangaje ko intego yaryo ari ukurinda "igitugu cy’Abatutsi" kandi rishimangira ko u Rwanda rudashobora kubona ubwigenge "rugeze aho ruba urwa demokarasi." Umuntu yashobora guhagarara hano, atari mu rwego rwo kubishimagiza, ahubwo mu gutangara. "Kugira demokarasi" muri ubu buryo, ntabwo kwari ukwagura uburenganzira bw’abaturage bose; kwari ukubukuraho. Byari demokarasi ishingiye ku mibare y’abaturage, atari demokarasi ishingiye ku burenganzira.
Noneho reba izina ryagerageje kwitirirwa nka filozofiya: MDR–PARMEHUTU, Republican Democratic Movement–Hutu Emancipation Party. Buri jambo ririmo uburiganya. "Republican" yibutsa ubwenegihugu busangiwe; "Democratic" isezeranya uburinganire; "Movement" ishimangira imbaraga; "Emancipation" ivuga kwibohora. Hanyuma haza urufatiro: "Hutu." Inyubako yose isenyukira mu kintu kimwe gishingiye ku bwoko gusa. Iyi si repubulika; ni repubulika ifite akanyuguti gato ko hasi kaza kumira inyandiko yose. "Abaturage" bari bamaze gutoranywa kera. "Ikintu cya bose" cyari cyamaze kuba icy'agatsiko k'abantu bamwe.
"REPUBULIKA" Y'UBWICANYI
Umuvuduko ubu buriganya bw’amagambo bwahindutsemo ubwicanyi bukomeye uratangaje kandi uteye ubwoba. Mu byumweru bike bitageze n'ukwezi nyuma y'ivuka ry'iryo shyaka, imyivumbagatanyo ya mbere yibasiye Abatutsi yaturutse mu Ugushyingo 1959, ituma impunzi za mbere z’Abatutsi zambuka imipaka. Ntabwo hakenewe igihe kirekire cyo gutegura iyo gahunda y'imyitwarire (ideology) iba imaze kwandikwa mu izina ry'ishyaka. Icyivugo (manifesto) nticyabanjirije ubwicanyi gusa.
Hanyuma haza igikorwa cy'ubuhanga mu bujiji. Tekereza "repubulika" yatangajwe ku wa 25 Nzeri 1961 tukiri mu bukoloni. Repubulika itagira ubutegetsi buhamye (sovereignty) isanzwe ari ikibazo mu bitekerezo; repubulika itagira uburinganire bw'abaturage ni icyuho mu muco. Birashoboka kwiyumvisha icyapa kivuga kiti: "Repubulika, Hari Ibijyana na yo". Politiki zakurikiyeho ntabwo zari izishyingiye ku ivangura gusa; zahinduye ihezwa rikaba ihame (institutionalized) kandi zishyiraho urufatiro rw'ubwicanyi bwaje nyuma. Niba res publica ari icyagirira bose akamaro, iyi yo yari inshingano yo kuyiseka, yari repubulika mu izina, ariko mu bikorwa ari agatsiko k'ubwoko bwubatse ubutegetsi (ethnocracy).
GUHINDURA IZINA RY'IHEZWA UKARYITA "DEMOKARASI YA KIREPUBULIKA"
Twerekeze mu 1975, ubwo Perezida Juvénal Habyarimana washingaga ishyaka Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement (MRND). Ku wa 28 Mata 1991, igihe politiki y'amashyaka menshi yari yegereje, ishyaka rimwe ryari rimaze imyaka cumi n'itandatu ryonyine, ryahinduye izina ryitwa Mouvement Républicain National pour la Démocratie et le Développement, rikomeza kugumana rya jambo MRND, nk'aho guhuza inyuguti byashoboraga guhisha itandukaniro ry'ubusobanuro. Ariko guhindura amagambo ntabwo kwari ukunogereza isura gusa; kwari ukubara cyane.
Mu mbwirwaruhame ye afungura amakoraniro (Congress), Perezida Habyarimana yagaragaje neza icyari kigambiriwe. Wa mujyo wa kera wa "Amahoro, Ubumwe n'Amajyambere" . Mu mwanya wawo haza ihamagarira ry'ubumwe bwa benshi mu bahutu kugira ngo bahangane n'icyo yise ubumwe bw'abatutsi. Uburepubulika hano, ntabwo bwari icyagirira bose akamaro. Demokarasi ntabwo yari ishingiye ku miterere itandukanye y'abaturage. Byombi byahinduwe intwaro zo gukomeza ubumwe bushingiye ku bwoko Hutu.
Mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1990 hagaragaye urugero rusekeje rw'uyu mujyo. Ku wa 17 Mutarama 1992, itsinda ry’abarwanashyaka 20 ba MRND bakomokaga i Ruhengeri bakoze icyaje kwitwa Circle of Progressive Republicans (CRP).
Iryo tsinda ry'intiti ryarimo: Ndereyehe Charles Ntahontuye; Bakuzakundi Michel; Maniliho Faustin; Nyirasafari Gaudence; Renzaho Juvénal; Nahimana Ferdinand; Gasore Alexis; Gasore Rukara Pierre; Hakizimana Déogratias; Nshimiyimana Alexis; Ndagijimana Jean Claude; Semasaka Gabriël; Karabayinga Célestin; Semasaka Aloys; Gatashya Jean Berchmans; Mbonyintwari Aphrodise; Sisi Jean Damascène; Mutwewingabo Bernard; Rutayoberana Alexandre na Ntabahwana Suku Bernard.
Inyandiko z'inama zabo uyu munsi zisomeka nko kwemera icyaha mbere y'uko gikorwa aho kuba gahunda yo kuvugurura. Nyuma yo kubyigaho, bavuga ko bahisemo izina "Circle of Progressive Republicans," bashimagiza "impungenge ebyiri": kurinda repubulika yari "yugarijwe" no guteza imbere "ivugurura ry'ukuri" muri MRND.
Umuntu ntiyamenya aho ahera. "Kurinda Repubulika", kuyirinda nde? "Progressive" (Kujya imbere), hagana he? Amatsinda amwe yavugaga ko areka uburyo bw'igitugu ni na yo yateguraga imyitwarire (ideology) yaje kugeza kuri jenoside. Niba rero iryo ryari ivugurura, ryari ivugurura ryerekeza mu kaga.
N'amagambo bifuzaga gukoresha agaragaza umurongo barimo. Mu mazina yari yateganyijwe harimo: Circle for the Defense of the Republic (CPDR); Union of Progressive Republicans na Circle of the MRND for the Defense of the Republic (CDR).
Ijambo CDR ntiryapfuye ubusa. Ryari ryamaze gusubirwamo, inyandiko igice cyayo cyaranditswe. Ku wa 22 Gashyantare 1992, ishyaka rya Coalition pour la Défense de la République (CDR) ryaravutse, riragwa amagambo n'intego. Ntabwo ryari rishya ahubwo ryari ryuzuje interuro yari yatangiye mu byumweru bike mbere yaho. Kuva kuri "Circle" (ihuriro rito) ujya kuri "Coalition" (ihuriro ryagutse) ntabwo kwari ukwagura imitekerereze ahubwo kwari ukwagura igikorwa. Ijambo ry'ukuri ryari rikwiye ni "autopilot y'imyitwarire". Repubulika, na none, yari ikeneye kurindwa, icyo gihe byari byihutirwa cyane kandi, amaherezo, byagize ingaruka ziteye ubwoba.
Amagambo amwe, intego imwe
Nyuma ya 1994, uyu mujyo wakomeje kubaho. Muri Mata 1995, abakoze jenoside bariyungunuje bishyira hamwe mu cyiswe Rally for the Return of Refugees and Democracy in Rwanda (RDR). Nyuma y’imyaka itanu, bahinduye izina baryita Republican Rally for Democracy in Rwanda, bagumana rya jambo RDR. Bitangaje ukuntu amagambo amwe yakomeje gukoreshwa kenshi nk’aho kuvuga amagambo meza byashoboraga gucubya ya myitwarire kugeza ibihe bitarushya.
Itsinda ry’abantu na ryo ryongeraho urundi rwego rw'uko ibintu bitahindutse. Abantu nka Charles Ndereyehe na Ferdinand Nahimana, bari bafitanye isano n'ayo matsinda, baje kugaragara mu bashinze RDR mu 1995. Ndereyehe, wari Perezida wa CRP, yari Perezida wa RDR mbere y'uko ihindura izina mu mwaka wa 2000. Bigaragaza ko iyo bashidikanyaga, bongeragho amagambo "Republican" na "Democracy," bakagumana rya jambo (acronym), bakiringira ko ibyahise bizibagirwa gusoma.
Aba bacuze imyitwarire ya jenoside bahindutse abahanga mu gukoresha amagambo ya politiki bahindura "repubulika" na "demokarasi" mu buryo ubusobanuro bwabyo bw'umwimerere bwibagirana, bakongera kubikoresha mu buryo bugamije guhisha ibitandukanywa n'inyungu rusange.
Mu mateka ya politiki y’u Rwanda, "repubulika" yakunze gukoreshwa cyane mu bihe ubusobanuro bwayo nyabwo bwabaga burimo gukurwaho. Ryabaye y'amagambo, ikitiriro cy'umuco, n'uburyo bwo kwishakira icyubahiro mu gihe bahakana urufatiro rwaryo. Kwita sisitemu nk'iyo repubulika si amakosa gusa; ni ikintu kivuguruzanya mu busobanuro. Igihugu gifata igice cy'abaturage bacyo nk'abadakenewe, kigashyiraho ivangura ry'ihame, kandi amaherezo kikishora muri jenoside, ntigishobora kwitwa res publica. Ni, repubulika iri mu tujambo tw'utwugarizo (quotation marks).
Kwisubiza ubusobanuro nyuma yo gutsindwa
Iyi ni yo mpamvu iyubaka rishya nyuma ya 1994 riyobowe na Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) rigaragaza impinduka ikomeye. Ku nshuro ya mbere, ijambo "repubulika" ryatangiye guhura n'ubusobanuro bwaryo bw'umwimerere. Ibibandwaho byahindutse biba ubwenegihugu, ubumwe burenga amoko y'ibihimbano, no kubaka umuryango wa politiki ushingiye ku burenganzira n'inshingano bihuriweho.
RPF ntiyigeze ikenera kwiyitirira amagambo "Republican" cyangwa "Democratic" kugira ngo igerageze kubishyira mu bikorwa. Yahisemo "Patriotic" (Gukunda igihugu), ijambo rivuga ubudahemuka ku gihugu gisangiwe aho kuba ku gatsiko k'abantu bamwe. Mu bikorwa, ibi byagaragaje umuhate wo kubaka res publicahatitawe ku gukabya gukoresha amagambo yayo gusa.
Aho ubutegetsi bwabanje bwongeraga amagambo ya demokarasi mu gihe bayakura mu bikorwa, ubu buryo bwo bwagaragaje ibinyuranye n'ibyo: amatangazo make, ariko iyubaka rikaba ryinshi. Gukunda igihugu, muri uyu munyuramo, byabaye inzira yo gusubiranya umuryango wa politiki utaranzwe n'ihezwa ahubwo urangwa no gusangira, umuhate wo gutuma repubulika ibaho mu bikorwa mbere y'uko ihamagarwa cyane mu mazina.
Umuntu ashobora kujya impaka kuri politiki, akanenga ibyemezo, akagenzura ibyavuyemo, ibyo ni byo shingiro rya repubulika ikora neza. Ariko icyo umuntu adashobora guhakana ni itandukaniro ry'ireme hagati ya sisitemu iharanira ubumwe n'iyindi yashyizeho ihezwa ry'ihame mu gihe ikoresha amagambo y'ubumwe.
Isomo ni rigufi ariko rirababaje: amagambo afite akamaro. Iyo akoreshejwe nabi, ntabwo atakaza ubusobanuro gusa; ahubwo agira ubusobanuro bushya, akenshi buteye akaga. Amategeko y’u Rwanda atanga rwibutso rukomeye ko amagambo ya politiki ashobora kugira ingaruka nk'iz'ibikorwa byayo. U Rwanda ntirukeneye ibinyoma bindi byanditse neza mu magambo.
Bityo rero, ubutaha niba umuntu wa politiki azakoresha ijambo "repubulika" n'icyizere cyinshi, bizaraba bikwiye kumubaza, atari mu magambo gusa, ahubwo mu buryo bushimangira: hano hari res publica, icyagirira bose akamaro? Cyangwa, na none, ni urwitwazo rwanditse neza mu magambo rugamije kubyanga?
Amateka y’u Rwanda agaragaza ko bitari ukumva nabi amagambo, ahubwo kwari ukuyakoresha mu buryo bw’uburiganya bwabariwe neza. Abo ntibari abakinnyi ba politiki bibeshye ku magambo; bari abahanga mu kuyahindura, bashobora guhindura "demokarasi" ikaba igitugu cy'ubwoko, "repubulika" ikaba imitegekere cy'ubwoko, na "kurinda" bikaba ubwicanyi bwateguwe. Niba Cicero yaratekereje repubulika nk’umutungo rusange w’abaturage, aba bayobozi ba "Hutu-Power" bayifashe nk’umutungo bwite (private estate), ufite abarinzi b’amarembo n'integuza zo kwirukana abantu.
Sisitemu itangaza ko igice cy’abaturage bayo batifuzwa, igatuma ivangura riba ihame, kandi amaherezo ikishora muri jenoside, ntishobora kwitwa Repubulika. Repubulika nyakuri ntikeneye amagambo menshi yo kuyisobanura. Ntikenera gutangaza demokarasi yayo mu gihe ikora ibinyuranye na yo. Ibindi byose, n'iyo byaba byiswe amazina meza gute ntabwo ari repubulika. Ni uburiganya bwanditse neza bufite ingaruka ziteye akaga nk'uko amateka y'u Rwanda yabigaragaje.

Tom Ndahiro, The New Times (Kigali, [2026) translated by Hirwa Jimmy.

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