Suppose that once a week, ten men go out for beer and the bill for all ten comes to £100.
If they paid their bill the way we pay our taxes, it would go something like this:
The first four men (the poorest) would pay nothing.
The fifth would pay £1.
The sixth would pay £3.
The seventh would pay £7.
The eighth would pay £12.
The ninth would pay £18.
And the tenth man (the richest) would pay £59.
So, that’s what they decided to do.
The ten men drank in the bar every week and seemed quite happy with the arrangement until, one day, the owner caused them a little problem.
“Since you are all such good customers,” he said, “I’m going to reduce the cost of your weekly beer by £20.”
Drinks for the ten men would now cost just £80.
The group still wanted to pay their bill the way we pay our taxes.
So the first four men were unaffected.
They would still drink for free but what about the other six men?
The paying customers? How could they divide the £20 windfall so that everyone would get his fair share?
They realized that £20 divided by six is £3.33, but if they subtracted that from everybody’s share then not only would the first four men still be drinking for free but the fifth and sixth man would each end up being paid to drink his beer.
So, the bar owner suggested that it would be fairer to reduce each man’s bill by a higher percentage.
They decided to follow the principle of the tax system they had been using and he proceeded to work out the amounts he suggested that each should now pay.
And so, the fifth man, like the first four, now paid nothing (a 100% saving).
The sixth man now paid £2 instead of £3 (a 33% saving).
The seventh man now paid £5 instead of £7 (a 28% saving).
The eighth man now paid £9 instead of £12 (a 25% saving).
The ninth man now paid £14 instead of £18 (a 22% saving).
And the tenth man now paid £49 instead of £59 (a 16% saving).
Each of the last six was better off than before with the first four continuing to drink for free.
But, once outside the bar, the men began to compare their savings. “I only got £1 out of the £20 saving,” declared the sixth man. He pointed to the tenth man, “but he got £10!“
“Yeah, that’s right,” exclaimed the fifth man. “I only saved a £1 too. It’s unfair that he got ten times more benefit than me!”
“That’s true!” shouted the seventh man. “Why should he get £10 back, when I only got £2? The wealthy get all the breaks!”
“Wait a minute,” yelled the first four men in unison, “we didn’t get anything at all. This new tax system exploits the poor!”
The nine men surrounded the tenth and beat him up.
The next week the tenth man didn’t show up for drinks, so the nine sat down and had their beers without him.
But when it came time to pay the bill, they discovered something important – they didn’t have enough money between all of them to pay for even half of the bill!
And that’s how it works.
Tax them too much, attack them for being wealthy and they just might not show up anymore. In fact, they might start drinking overseas, where the atmosphere is somewhat friendlier.
For those who understand, no explanation is needed.
For those who do not understand, no explanation is possible.
Si de adulto haces esto sin darte cuenta, es porque creciste con un padre o madre narcisista:
1. Pides perdón por cosas que ni siquiera son tu culpa, casi como un acto reflejo.
No necesitas demostrarle a nadie que estás progresando. Algunas de las transformaciones más importantes de tu vida ocurrirán en silencio. Nadie verá las veces que elegiste entrenar en lugar de procrastinar, estudiar en lugar de distraerte o guardar silencio en lugar de responder con ira. Pero tú sí lo sabrás. Y llegará un momento en el que te darás cuenta de que todas esas pequeñas decisiones que nadie vio fueron precisamente las que construyeron la persona en la que te convertiste.
Ahora que somos como dioses y creamos la IA que posiblemente termine siendo tan poderosa que nos exceda, ¿la IA no terminará a su vez haciéndose una mitología con un creador que no ve pero que supone? ¿No seremos nosotros la desbocada creación de un dios perplejo?
Estamos pisando terrenos borgeanos.
Le pasé mi cuenta de Disney+ 4K a mi prima y a su novio durante 6 meses. Hoy les pedí la clave de su Amazon Prime para ver una película y me dijeron que era de los padres de él y que no se la dan a nadie. Bueno, les cerré sesión en todos los dispositivos. Pasaron 15 minutos y me reventó el teléfono...
#Arca
Pyme metalúrgica del conurbano bonaerense con 18 empleados. Facturan en blanco, pagan sueldos al día y cumplen con todo… pero este mes un cliente grande les atrasó 45 días el cobro de una factura importante.
El IVA de julio venció el 15/8. No llegaron a juntar la plata completa. El 22/8 (apenas una semana después) ya tenían la boleta de deuda y el juicio de ejecución fiscal en marcha.
El 25/8 les notificaron el mandamiento de intimación de pago.5 días hábiles. Nada más.
En ese tiempo no se arregla un atraso de un cliente, no se negocia un plan de pagos, no se vende stock de emergencia.
El abogado de ARCA ya pidió el embargo preventivo. Si no pagan o no presentan una de las 4 excepciones exprés, les traban las cuentas.
Sin cuentas no pagan sueldos ni proveedores. Sin proveedores paran la producción. Sin producción despiden gente.
Esto no es “cobrar lo que se debe”. Esto es asfixiar a la pyme que genera trabajo real en menos tiempo del que tarda en llegar un cheque diferido.
In 1948, a 32-year-old at Bell Labs published a paper nobody fully understood.
Engineers found it too mathematical. Mathematicians found it too engineering-focused. One prominent mathematician reviewed it negatively.
That paper - "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", became the founding document of the digital age.
The man was Claude Shannon. Father of Information Theory.
At 21, he wrote the most important master's thesis of the 20th century.
Working at MIT on an early mechanical computer, Shannon noticed its relay switches had exactly two states - open or closed. He had just taken a philosophy course introducing Boolean algebra, which also operated on two values: true and false.
Nobody had ever connected these two things.
His 1937 thesis proved that Boolean algebra and electrical circuits are mathematically identical, and that any logical operation could be built from simple switches.
Howard Gardner called it "possibly the most important, and also the most famous, master's thesis of the century."
Every digital computer ever built traces back to this insight.
At 29, he proved that perfect encryption exists.
During WWII, Shannon worked on classified cryptography at Bell Labs. His work contributed to SIGSALY, the secure voice system used for confidential communications between Roosevelt and Churchill.
In a classified 1945 memorandum, he mathematically proved the one-time pad provides perfect secrecy, unbreakable not just computationally, but provably, permanently, against an adversary with infinite power.
When declassified in 1949, it transformed cryptography from an art into a science. It laid the foundations for DES, AES, and every modern encryption standard.
At 32, he defined what information is.
His 1948 paper introduced one equation:
H = −Σ p(x) log p(x)
Shannon entropy. The average uncertainty in a probability distribution. The minimum bits required to encode a message.
Three things followed:
> He defined the bit - the fundamental unit of all information. His colleague John Tukey coined the name.
> He proved the channel capacity theorem, every communication channel has a maximum rate of reliable transmission. You can approach it. You can never exceed it.
> He unified telegraph, telephone, and radio into a single mathematical framework for the first time.
Robert Lucky of Bell Labs called it the greatest work "in the annals of technological thought."
Where his equation lives in AI today:
Cross-entropy loss - the function training every classifier and language model, is derived directly from H. Decision tree splits use information gain, which is H applied to data. Perplexity, the standard LLM evaluation metric, is an exponentiation of cross-entropy.
Every time a neural network trains, Shannon's formula runs inside it.
He also built the first AI learning device.
In 1950, Shannon built Theseus, a mechanical mouse that navigated a maze through trial and error, learned the correct path, and repeated it perfectly. Mazin Gilbert of Bell Labs said: "Theseus inspired the whole field of AI."
That same year he published the first paper on programming a computer to play chess. He co-organized the 1956 Dartmouth Workshop, the founding event of AI as a field.
The man:
He rode a unicycle through Bell Labs hallways while juggling. He built a flame-throwing trumpet, a rocket-powered Frisbee, and Styrofoam shoes to walk on the lake behind his house.
He called his home Entropy House.
When asked what motivated him: "I was motivated by curiosity. Never by the desire for financial gain. I just wondered how things were put together."
In 1985, he appeared unexpectedly at a conference in Brighton. The crowd mobbed him for autographs. Persuaded to speak at the banquet, he talked briefly, then pulled three balls from his pockets and juggled instead.
One engineer said: "It was as if Newton had showed up at a physics conference."
He died in 2001 after a decade with Alzheimer's, the cruel irony of information slowly leaving the mind of the man who defined what information was.
Claude, the AI model, is named after Claude Shannon, the mathematician who laid the foundation for the digital world we rely on today.
Una mujer pagaba 45€ al mes por cuatro suscripciones digitales que casi no usaba, convencida de que "total, es poco cada una".
Nunca las sumó todas juntas en un mismo cálculo, hasta que pasó esto:
This is the real size of every country.
Mercator projection vs reality.
Key Distortions on the Mercator Map:
🇬🇱 Greenland appears 73.9% larger than its real size
🇷🇺 Russia (northern parts) appears 53% larger than reality
🇨🇦 Canada (northern regions) appears 47% larger than reality
🇬🇧 UK appears 41.1% larger than its actual size
🇪🇸 Spain appears 23.7% larger
🇹🇷 Turkey appears 22.2% larger
🇨🇳 China appears 20.2% larger
🇦🇷 Argentina (southern parts) appears 18.8% larger
🇦🇫 Afghanistan appears 16.8% larger
🇮🇷 Iran appears 15.6% larger
🇵🇰 Pakistan appears 13.3% larger
🇿🇦 South Africa appears 12.4% larger
🇦🇺 Australia (parts) appears 10% larger
🇲🇽 Mexico appears 8.6% larger
🇮🇳 India appears 8% larger
🇧🇷 Brazil appears only 2.3% larger (one of the least distorted major countries)
Una buena manera de comprender la magnitud de la historia de la Tierra y lo reciente que es todo lo que conocemos es comprimirla en un año, imitando la idea de Carl Sagan con su año cósmico. El 1 de enero se crearía la Tierra y hoy serían las 23:59:59,999 del 31 de diciembre 🧵⬇️