We cannot understand the true nature of the Universe, unless we question deeply.
I want to know what is real, even if the answer is total obliteration of my consciousness.
"The best offense and defense is speed. The SR-71 Blackbird is a military plane with almost no defense except acceleration.
It was never shot down. Not even once. Over three thousand
missiles were shot at the SR-71 Blackbird and none hit. All it did was go faster.
The power of speed is underappreciated as a competitive factor."
-- @elonmusk
The machine that built the chip in this video should mass-humble every human who's ever lived.
ASML's latest EUV lithography system costs $370 million, weighs 180 tons, and requires three Boeing 747s to deliver. It contains over 100,000 individual parts from 5,100 suppliers across 14 countries. It shoots 100,000 molten tin droplets per second with a laser, superheating each one past the temperature of the sun's surface to generate light at a wavelength so short that no natural material on Earth can focus it.
So they had to invent new mirrors. Each one is polished with 100 alternating layers of molybdenum and silicon. The surface tolerance is so extreme that if you scaled a single mirror up to the size of Germany, the tallest imperfection would be 1 millimeter.
Those mirrors took 20 years to develop. The company that makes them, Zeiss, had to build entirely new metrology tools just to confirm the mirrors were flat enough, because no existing measurement instrument on Earth could verify the precision they needed.
The machine prints features at 2 nanometers. That's roughly 10 atoms wide. A human hair is 80,000 nanometers. A red blood cell is 7,000. A single COVID virus particle is 100. These machines are etching functional circuits 50 times smaller than a virus.
TSMC is now mass producing 2nm chips in a Kaohsiung fab so large the cleanroom is twice the size of any competitor's. Each 2nm wafer costs $30,000 to produce. The entire 2026 production run was booked before a single chip shipped. Apple, NVIDIA, AMD, and Qualcomm all reserved capacity years in advance. TSMC is spending $28.6 billion just to build enough fabs to meet demand for this one node.
The chip that comes out of this process is smaller than a fingernail, runs on less power than a light bulb, and contains transistors that wrap gates around nanosheets of silicon only a few atoms thick.
The raw material it started as was sand. The sand cost a fraction of a penny. The civilization that processed it into this started by banging rocks together.
You’ve never touched anything in your life. Not your phone. Not your morning coffee. Not the person you love.
Every atom in your body is 99.9999999999999% empty space. If the core of an atom were the size of a marble, the nearest electron would be all the way out in the parking lot of a football stadium. Everything in between is empty.
We’ve known this since 1911. A physicist named Ernest Rutherford fired tiny particles at a sheet of gold foil expecting them all to pass right through. Most did. But about 1 in 8,000 bounced straight back at him. He said it was like firing a cannon at tissue paper and having the shell come back and hit you. That one result proved every atom is almost entirely void, with all its weight crammed into a core 100,000 times smaller than the atom itself.
So when you sit in a chair, you’re not actually sitting on it. The electrons in your body are pushing against the electrons in the chair. Same force that makes two magnets resist each other when you flip one around. You’re floating above the surface, separated by a gap about 10,000 times thinner than a sheet of paper. Every handshake is two invisible clouds of electrons pressing against each other without ever merging.
Remove all that empty space from every atom in every human on Earth, and 8 billion people compress down to a single sugar cube. It would weigh billions of tons and fall straight through the floor, through the crust, all the way to the center of the Earth. Same density as a neutron star.
But the tweet gets one thing a little wrong. Whether atoms “touch” depends on how you define touch. Philip Moriarty, a physicist at the University of Nottingham who literally pushes individual atoms around with a needle for a living, says contact does happen at the atomic level. It’s the point where the pull between atoms balances the push. And when you eat food, your body breaks those molecules apart and chemically bonds with them, atoms merging across boundaries. That’s real contact.
So what you feel when you hold someone’s hand isn’t skin on skin. It’s the same force that holds together every molecule in every star, pressing your electrons against theirs. You’ve never made contact the way your brain pictures it. What’s actually happening is stranger and honestly way cooler.
At the atomic level, nothing ever truly touches. What we feel as ‘touch’ is our brain interpreting electromagnetic repulsion.
The object is real, the sensation is a constructed illusion.
That one neuron connects to about 7,000 others. Your brain has 86 billion of them. Do the math and you get somewhere around 100 trillion connections inside your head. More connections than stars in 1,500 galaxies.
And each connection point is way more complicated than anyone expected. A Stanford lab found that every single connection contains about 1,000 tiny switches that can store memories and process information at the same time. So your brain is running roughly 100 quadrillion switches right now, while you read this sentence.
The wild part is the power bill. Your brain runs on 20 watts. That’s less energy than the light in your fridge. The world’s fastest supercomputer needs 20 million watts to do the same amount of raw calculation. A million times more power for the same output.
We’re still nowhere close to understanding how any of this works. In October 2024, a team of hundreds of scientists finished mapping every single connection in a fruit fly’s brain. Took six years and heavy AI help. That fly brain had 140,000 neurons. Yours has 86 billion. Google and Harvard also mapped a piece of human brain last year, a speck smaller than a grain of rice. That speck alone contained 150 million connections and took 1,400 terabytes to store. The lead scientist said mapping a full human brain at that detail would produce as much data as the entire world generates in a year.
A tiny worm had its 302 brain cells mapped back in 1986. Almost 40 years later, scientists still can’t fully explain how that worm’s brain keeps it alive. Your brain has 86 billion of those cells, each one wired to thousands of others, each wire packed with a thousand switches, all of it humming along on less power than a lightbulb.