Factors Affecting Electron Gain Enthalpy:
1. Atomic Size
Larger the atom → less negative EGE
2. Nuclear Charge
Higher nuclear charge → more negative EGE
3. Shielding Effect
More inner electrons → less negative EGE
4. Electronic Configuration
Stable configuration.
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Ionisation enthalpy depends on
(i) Size of atom
(ii) Effective nuclear charge
(iii) Screening effect
(iv) Half-filled and fully-filled electronic configuration
(v) Type of subshell (s, p, d or f ) of the electron being removed.
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Why CO₂ is gas but SiO₂ is solid?
C forms C=O (pπ–pπ, discrete molecule)
Si cannot form pπ–pπ bonds → forms 4 Si–O single bonds → giant 3D network → solid with very high MP.
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Key Anomalies of Carbon
No d-orbitals → max covalency = 4
Forms pπ–pπ bonds (C=C, C≡C, C=O, C=N) — heavier members don't
Exceptional catenation
CO₂ is a gas; SiO₂ is a giant covalent solid (Si forms 4 single bonds to O, not double bonds)
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Catenation Ability
C >> Si > Ge > Sn ~ Pb
Carbon has exceptional catenation due to strong C–C bond and pπ–pπ bonding
Si can catenate but Si–Si bond is weaker
Sn and Pb have negligible catenation
Bond Enthalpy (E–E single bond)
C–C > Si–Si > Ge–Ge > Sn–Sn
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Hydrolysis of Tetrachlorides
CCl₄ — does NOT hydrolyse (no vacant d-orbital, no lone pair to accept water)
SiCl₄, GeCl₄, SnCl₄, PbCl₄ — readily hydrolyse (d-orbitals available)
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Oxidation State Stability — Inert Pair Effect
Element
Stable State
C, Si +4 only
Ge +4 (more stable), +2 exists
Sn Both +2 and +4
Pb +2 more stable, +4 is oxidising
Pb⁴⁺ is a strong oxidising agent (wants to come to +2)
Sn²⁺ is a strong reducing agent (wants to go to +4)
Ionization Enthalpy (1st IE)
C > Si > Ge > Sn < Pb
Pb > Sn due to poor shielding by f-electrons (lanthanide contraction)
Otherwise mostly regular decrease
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