Hospital respirators are normally set to hyperventilate patients, and the use of supplemental oxygen tends to make hyperventilation worse, making breathing and circulation more difficult.
Carbogen, 95% oxygen with 5% carbon dioxide, is available, but is seldom used.
At menopause, estrogen excess can promote the production of androgens, in the absence of progesterone, which tends to defeminize the woman.
This is often a result of stress, and sometimes is a consequence of hypothyroidism.
GABA-related metabolites, such as GHB, butyric acid, succinic acid, and the butyrobetaines, have multiple protective functions, including promotion of respiration and pregnenolone synthesis, regulating gene expression, and reducing damage from glucocorticoids.
A protein called metallothionein, which is induced by cortisol or heavy metals, also binds copper, and might be one of the ways in which stress and heavy metal poisoning can accelerate the process of aging and degeneration.
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Cytochrome oxidase contains both iron and
copper, and the copper component is apparently responsible for the enzyme's absorption of red light. The copper's function isn't understood, but It is suspected to be involved in regulating the efficiency of respiration.
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Progesterone’s ability to stop the local excitation of nerve cells spares ATP. It seems likely that nitric oxide, the production of which is inhibited by progesterone, is also involved in the vasodilation and energy depletion.
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Ammonia has also been found to be increased during migraine attacks. I suspect that progesterone’s sometimes dramatic effect on migraine involves ammonia and energy metabolism.
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Ammonia disturbs carbon dioxide’s regulation of brain circulation, and when ammonia is “detoxified” into glutamine (though glutamine is still toxic in excess) ATP is consumed, leading to dysregulation of vascular smooth muscle.
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Aspirin protects cells in many ways, interrupting excitotoxic processes by blocking nitric oxide and prostaglandins, and consequently it inhibits cell proliferation. The fact that it can inhibit FAS is very important in understanding its role in cancer.
People who take aspirin, drink coffee, and use tobacco, have a much lower incidence of Alzheimer’s disease than people who don’t use those things.
Caffeine inhibits brain phospholipase, making it neuroprotective in a wide spectrum of conditions.
Nice tip from Ray Peat. Note that coffee has opposite effect, blocks absorption of iron, so good to drink coffee within one hour eating liver or other high iron foods
‘To begin to understand serotonin, it’s necessary to step back from the culture of neurotransmitters, and to look at the larger biological picture.’ - Ray Peat
The formation of eggshell, which is mostly calcium carbonate, is analogous to the early stage of bone formation.
In hot weather, when chickens pant and lower their carbon dioxide, they form thin shells. A sodium bicarbonate supplement improve the quality of the eggshell.
There have been some studies showing that bacterial fermentation in the intestine can cause many symptoms, including behavioural changes.
For example, a diet of soy protein increases aggression in monkeys (Simon, et al., 2004) and chickens (McKeegan, et al., 2001).
Too much emphasis on the muscle meats, including fish fillets, chicken breast or legs, and the usual steaks and chops, can be anti-thyroid by providing too much tryptophan.
That can be offset by using gelatin liberally, because gelatin contains no tryptophan.