QUEEN_A

Teacher/editor/translator, avid reader. Wrote that big, fat, pink grammar book. Love writing English notes on my socmed just to annoy.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Mulai 1hb Oktober saya akan pos nota2 saya berkenaan Bahasa Inggeris, merangkumi aspek-aspek GRAMMAR, PRONUNCIATION, ETYMOLOGY (asal-usul perkataan), VOCABULARY (IDIOMS AND PHRASES) juga TIPS BELAJAR BAHASA INGGERIS.

1 hari, minimum 2 posts, dua aspek sehari. Berselang-seli. So you get to learn many English-related things in a week!

So, do watch this space if you are interested ok.. otherwise... scrolllll further down! 😆

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

The best gamble I did this year—beli baju raya sendiri dan baju anak2 online, and everything fits!!

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Our brain learns grammar much faster through exposure.

In other words, the more you READ correct English, the more your brain absorbs grammar automatically (read Stephen Krashen).

These are 5 major grammar patterns we can learn through reading.

1. Subject-Verb Agreement
2. Natural Sentence Structure
3. Correct use of Articles/Determiners
4. Verb Tenses
5. Prepositions

So, the key is READING.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Cerita INFINITIVES.

1. ZERO INFINITIVE - iaitu verbs dlm bentuk asal.
Cth: They LEAVE at 7 am.
My cousins GO to the mall every Sunday.

2. TO-INFINITIVE/FULL INFINITIVE - perkataan (verbs) yg didahului dgn ‘to’.
Cth: She is going TO MEET my Mom.
Do you want TO TRY the new recipe?

3. SPLIT INFINITIVE- frasa ‘to-infinitive’ yg diselitkan dgn adverbs
Cth:
She wants TO CLEARLY SEE why you want to leave so soon.
The ship wants TO BOLDLY GO to dangerous territories.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Antara objek (kata nama/Noun) yg COUNTABLE dan bersifat singular (satu) dan plural (banyak):

Spaghetto (sejurai shj);
spaghetti

Grafitto (satu lakaran);
grafitti

Paparazzo (1 org);
paparazzi

Zucchino (1) ;
zucchini

Confetto; confetti

Soprano ; sopranos/soprani

Biscotto; biscotti , dan byk lagi.

Cth ayat:
I had a biscotto yesterday.
The biscotti taste good.

A paparazzo was following the famous singer.
The paparazzi aren’t here.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Ada tiga bentuk ayat dlm English yg kita perlu tahu. Satu lagi tu bonus for advanced learners.

SIMPLE SENTENCE - 1 subjek, 1 verb, 1 cerita.
Cth: He is reading.

COMPOUND SENTENCE - gabungan 2 Simple Sentences.
Cth: He is reading AND she is sketching.

COMPLEX SENTENCE - satu ayat, lebih drpd 2 cerita/ideas. Kena guna ONE conjunction (kata hubung).
Cth: He is reading and she is sketching, BUT they are also talking about a party.

Bonus tu COMPOUND COMPLEX SENTENCE- biasanya ayat ni banyak ideas, menggunakan tanda baca yg cukup dan betul dan menggunakan beberapa Conjunctions (kata hubung).

Cth: He is reading AND she is sketching, AND this is before the 8 pm party WHICH they really look forward to attending; she did mention, HOWEVER, that she would rather sketch than meet people she doesn’t like.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Q: Apa beza UNDER, UNDERNEATH, BELOW, BENEATH?

Under= di bawah (sesuatu yg fizikal)
Cth: There is a kitten UNDER my bed.

UNDERNEATH = di bawah (biasa benda yg bertutup/terlindung)
Cth: I kept a diary underneath my pillow.

BELOW= bawah aras/level sesuatu
Cth: Below the shelf, there is a notebook.

BENEATH= di bawah (sst yg abstrak)/ formal use
Cth: Beneath your confidence, I sense some doubts and uncertainty.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

@Geniustechw For Covid-19 World Conference

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Bila nak guna tanda SENGKANG / HYPHEN dalam penulisan Bahasa Inggeris?

1. Bila kita nak ‘ikat’ beberapa perkataan jadi satu Adjektif.
Cth: Their FIRST-BORN child tends to be the most independent.

2. Bila nak ikat words yg bersifat nombor.
Cth: The FIFTY-FIVE people in the room are all my workmates.

3. Ada words yg bersifat imbuhan/penambahan.
Cth: Allah is ALL-KNOWING. He is so SELF-INVOLVED.

4. Nak elak kekeliruan
Cth: Can you RE-SIGN the form? (resign ❌)

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Dalam banyak2 Adjectives (Kata Sifat), kita ada Adjectives yg berimbuhan -ed dan -ing.

Cth: tired/tiring, excited/exciting, embarrassed/embarrassing.

That goes to say that ia bukan Verbs. Sebab verbs pun ada berimbuhan -ed dan -ing juga.

Cth: She is TIRED (Adjective)
She IS STOPPED by the policeman. (‘Is stopped’ tu Verb).

Cth: That is AMAZING (Adjective)
He IS READING (‘is reading’ tu Verb).

So ingat ni ok, adjectives -ed BIASANYA sifat MANUSIA, adjectives -ing BIASANYA sifat benda/konsep.

Cth: I am INTERESTED in your books.
The lecture is INTERESTING.

Cth lain: He was ANNOYED by the teasing.
All his jokes are ANNOYING.

So tak boleh la kata ‘aku tgh boring ni’! 😅

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

1. HAS WRITTEN = telah menulis
2. HAD WRITTEN = telah menulis
3. WROTE = menulis (masa lepas)

Beza?

No 1 tu sesuatu yg telah berlaku dan impaknya masih ada sekarang.
= She has written the essay and now she is editing it.

No 2 tu sesuatu yg dah berlaku, sebelum/selepas sesuatu yg lain
= I had written the note and she threw it.

No 3 tu utk action yg dah complete in the past.
= I wrote a postcard last December.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Apa makna 'ACCOSTED BY'?

Didatangi, dilayan atau dimarahi dengan kata2 kesat dan agresif.

Cth ayat:

She was accosted by a stranger while walking home alone last week.

Twenty years ago, I was accosted by a racist man.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Article 'a' sangat penting ya. Dia bagitau kita:

1. Kalau sesuatu tu kuantitinya 1.
Cth: I have A book to sell.

2. Sesuatu tu dia baru nak introduce.
Cth: I met A guy yesterday.

3. Sesuatu tu tak specific pun.
Cth: There is A cockroach under your table.

4. Yg sesuatu tu berada dlm group tertentu.
Cth: He is A dancer.

p/s: 'A FEW' dan 'FEW' berbeza maknanya!
A FEW = beberapa
FEW = sedikit/ tak ramai.

Cth:
There are A FEW people in the room.
There are FEW biscuits left.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Ok, kita cuba ambik satu ACTION VERB. Cth: BUY

1. PRESENT SIMPLE:
He BUYS the book at Popular.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
He IS BUYING the book tomorrow.

3. PRESENT PERFECT:
He HAS BOUGHT the book this morning and now he is reading it.

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
He HAS BEEN BUYING books there for the past few years.

Study PRESENT TENSE forms ni...nampak tak ada perbuatan yang bersifat AKAN BERLAKU (no 2) dan ada yang DAH BERLAKU (no 3) ?

Kenapa masih dlm PRESENT Tense?

*******************************************************

sebab...

utk no 2: Dia merancang tu SEKARANG, nak buat tu esok.

utk no 3: Dia dah beli buku tu, dan impak kepada pembelian tu berlaku SEKARANG (dia membacanya).

..pasal tu semua no 1-4 tu berada dlm PRESENT TENSES.

Guys. Grammar may be tough, but some of the concepts are really explainable.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Beza ANOTHER, OTHER dan OTHERS.

1. ANOTHER = 1 lagi.
Jadi selepas ‘another’ kena guna 1 COUNTABLE NOUN.
Cth: She has ANOTHER BOOK to read.

2. OTHER = yg lain (banyak).
Selepas ‘other’ kena guna Noun in plural form.
Cth: She has OTHER MEETINGS to attend.

3. OTHERS ni menggantikan noun yg sama/serupa dalam ayat (nak elak pengulangan)- plural form juga.
Cth: Keep this box here, and keep the others in the next room.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Utk Simple Present Tense, guna petua SHIT dan DEWIAYU kalau nak guna Action Verbs.

1. SHIT. She-He-It.
Action Verbs dia mesti ada ‘s’

Cth:
1. She SPEAKS Japanese.
2. He EMAILS his boss.
3. It MEANS, the war has started.

2. DEWIAYU. They-We-I-You.
Action Verbs dia tak ada ‘s’

Cth:
1. They MAKE pasta.
2. We READ magazines.
3. I LOVE you.
4. You WORK in the factory.

Dgn kata lain, kalau Subject dia 1, guna petua SHIT tadi.

Cth: The woman PAYS for the ticket.

Kalau Subject dia lebih daripada 1, guna petua DEWIAYU.
Cth: All the shops OPEN at 11 am.

Heheh. Sorry ler saya guna SHIT tu… anak2 murid kata senang ingat!

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

Dalam banyak2 tanda baca, COMMA (koma) adalah antara tanda baca yg diabaikan.

Kalau kita tau fungsi2 koma mesti kita tak ‘tinggalkan’ dia.

OXFORD COMMA: She buys sugar, coffee, and tea.
APPOSITIVE COMMA (introduce Noun): The man, who spoke just now, is my lecturer.
INTRO COMMA: While reading, I drank my tea.
INTERRUPTER COMMA: She talks, quite arrogantly, about her fancy car.
DIRECT ADDRESS: He said, “Let’s go for a walk!”

Jadi gunakanlah comma dalam ayat2 kita, apabila perlu. Pesan penaja.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

SEMUA ayat dalam Bahasa Inggeris 'bermain' sekitar' 4 jenis Verbs ni je.

Dlm Present Tense:
1. VERBS TO BE: am, is, are
2. VERBS TO HAVE: has, have
3. VERBS TO DO: do, does
4. VERBS OF ACTIONS: perbuatan (run, jump, cook, etc) DAN perasaan (feel, like, hate, etc)

Dulu2 cikgu2 di sekolah bgtau VERBS tu perbuatan, kata kerja. Hakikatnya, ada VERBS tu bukan perbuatan pun!

Cth: She IS my mother. He HAS a new laptop.

[QUEEN_A @QueenAdnilsa]

To anyone yg nak lebih mahir dalam Bahasa Inggeris tu, boleh belajar2 buat SIMPLE SENTENCES dulu.

Apa itu SIMPLE SENTENCES?
1. 1 subject (benda/org/haiwan/konsep) yg berada di depan ayat),
2. 1 verb (verb to be/verb to do/ verb to have/ action words),
3. 1 story (apa cerita dlm ayat tu).

Ok contoh.
1. She- was- here.
2. The cats - are fighting.
3. The shops- will open- at 10 am.

Tak tulis pun takpe, ulang buat ayat2 mudah mcm ni dalam minda. It is a great practice!