Zanthanee

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[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

~Thesis/study
Core Insights on CO2, Ice Ages, and a Potential Greenhouse Earth:
*A concise overview of Earth's CO2 history and future risks, grounded in paleoclimate records and scientific evidence, complete with references, citations and links.

Ice Ages Overview:
-Summary and Key Takeaways.

-Ice Ages Overview:
Earth's climate has been shaped by recurring ice ages driven by Milankovitch orbital cycles (eccentricity, obliquity, precession), low CO2 levels (180–200 ppm during glacials), and amplifying feedbacks like ice albedo, ocean CO2 absorption, and circulation changes. Deep-time events (e.g., Huronian "Snowball Earth," Cryogenian global freezes) and more recent Quaternary cycles show CO2 as a critical regulator, with sea levels dropping up to 120 meters during peaks.

-Current Situation:
Atmospheric CO2 has reached approximately 427 ppm by late 2025 due to anthropogenic emissions, the highest in at least 800,000 years. This is likely delaying the next natural ice age, possibly for tens of thousands of years. The extent of the delay, depends entirely on present and future emission pathways. Continued high emission releases could create a prolonged "super interglacial" similar to the warmer Pliocene, (2–3°C above pre-industrial, CO2 at350–450 ppm), potentially stalling the cycle if cumulative emissions were to double. ~(Kaufhold et al., 2025). In previous interglacials, at a comparable late stage, atmospheric CO2 levels typically stabilized or began declining toward 240–260 ppm as orbital forcing favored gradual cooling ~(Lüthi et al., 2008; Tzedakis et al., 2012). The current excess of approximately 160–180 ppm above this natural range is entirely attributable to human activity and emissions.

-Greenhouse Earth Risks:
Extreme Weather with Increased intensity and proportion of strong tropical cyclones (more Category 4–5 storms with heavier rain), frequent and prolonged heatwaves, heavier precipitation events (7% more rain per °C warming), subtropical droughts, amplified storm surges, and persistent weather patterns from polar amplification. Thawing permafrost risks releasing not only CO2 and methane but also stored mercury. This in turn can be converted by bacteria into highly neurotoxic methylmercury, with increased methylation in thawed peatlands and river systems, leading to bio-magnification in food chains ~(Douglas et al., 2024; Thompson et al., 2025).
There is also a possibility that in rare cases, ancient pathogens could be released (though human pandemic risk is considered low).

-Biodiversity Threats:
Significant habitat loss in coastal, polar, alpine, and tropical ecosystems; 70–90% of coral reefs at risk of severe decline by 2050 under continued high-emission paths; endangered polar species and reduced forest resilience. Many species face elevated extinction risk by 2100, especially endemics, (paleoclimate analogs like PETM show rapid turnover, e.g., 30–50% loss in some marine groups).

-Evolutionary Impacts:
Species under pressure for rapid adaptation (range shifts ~6 km/decade poleward, phenological mismatches, genetic bottlenecks). Human factors (fragmentation, over-exploitation) amplify stressors. Long-term, a warmer world may favor heat-tolerant generalist species, echoing Miocene ecosystems—though outcomes are uncertain and rapid change could limit successful speciation or co-evolution.

-Overall:
Paleoclimate data robustly shows CO2's role in regulating ice ages and stability. Anthropogenic levels risk overriding natural cycles, leading to intensified weather and ecological disruption. Many risks (e.g., sea level rise magnitude, extinction rates) depend on future emission pathways and could be substantially reduced with rapid de-carbonization.
Urgent emission reductions could mitigate worst-case scenarios, per consensus science (as of Dec. 2025).

* For a comprehensive review of the evidence, see the main study below.

Everything I Can Dig Up About CO2 and Our Planet:

A Comprehensive Analysis of Earth's Ice Ages, Mechanisms, Causes, CO2 Levels, Sea Levels, and the Consequences of a Greenhouse Earth.

Introduction:
Ice ages represent profound climatic shifts characterized by extensive glaciation, altered sea levels, and significant ecological changes. By leveraging ice core, seabed sediment core, and other paleoclimate data, scientists have reconstructed Earth's climatic history, revealing the interplay of CO2 levels, orbital cycles, and the feedback mechanisms that drive these cycles. This essay/study, synthesizes all known ice ages, their mechanics, causes, CO2 levels, and sea level changes, based on verifiable scientific data and peer-reviewed literature. It also examines the impact of current and anthropogenic CO2 levels of approximately 427 ppm total as of Dec. 2025) on future ice age cycles and projects the consequences of a potential Greenhouse Earth, with a detailed focus on extreme weather patterns, biodiversity loss, and evolutionary pressures.

Deep Time Ice Ages:
Huronian Glaciation (~2.4–2.1 Billion Years Ago):
-Mechanics:
Likely a "Snowball Earth" event with global ice coverage, inferred from glacial deposits in North America and South Africa.
-Causes:
The Great Oxygenation Event oxidized atmospheric methane, a potent greenhouse gas, reducing warming ~(Kopp et al., 2005). Enhanced silicate weathering on newly exposed landmasses further drew down CO2 ~(Young et al., 1998). CO2 Levels: Speculative but likely very low due to reduced volcanic out-gassing and weathering ~(Kasting, 1993). Sea Levels: Significantly lowered due to ice volume, though precise measurements are unavailable due to limited geological records.

Cryogenian Glaciations (~720–635 Million Years Ago):
-Mechanics:
Two major events (Sturtian and Marinoan) covered Earth in ice, even at equatorial latitudes, based on glacial deposits near the equator ~(Hoffman et al., 1998).
-Causes:
Reduced volcanic CO2 emissions, high albedo effect from ice sheet cover, and enhanced silicate weathering lowered CO2 ~(Pierre humbert et al., 2011). CO2 Levels: Estimated at 100–200 ppm during peak glaciation, dropping from higher pre-glacial levels ~(Bao et al., 2008).
-Sea Levels:
Extremely low, exposing continental shelves, though exact drops are uncertain ~(Allen & Etienne, 2008).
Ordovician-Silurian Glaciation (~445–440 Million Years Ago):
-Mechanics:
A brief but intense glaciation centered in Gondwana (modern Africa), evidenced by glacial tillites in the Sahara ~(Finnegan et al., 2011).
-Causes:
Gondwana’s drift toward the South Pole and the evolution of land plants increased silicate weathering, drawing down CO2 ~(Lenton et al., 2012).
-CO2 Levels:
Pre-glaciation levels of ~3000–4000 ppm dropped significantly, possibly to ~1000 ppm during the event ~(Berner, 2006).
-Sea Levels:
Dropped by 100 meters, contributing to a mass extinction due to habitat loss ~(Sheehan, 2001).

Late Paleozoic Glaciation (~330–260 Million Years Ago):
-Mechanics:
Extensive glaciation across Gondwana, with ice sheets in modern South America, Africa, and Australia ~(Isbell et al., 2003).
-Causes:
Vast plant growth during the Carboniferous period which sequestered CO2 in coal deposits, combined with tectonic activity and polar positioning of continents ~(Montañez & Poulsen, 2013).
-CO2 Levels:
Likely dropped from ~1500 ppm to ~300–500 ppm during peak glaciation ~(Royer et al., 2004).
-Sea Levels:
Lowered by 80 to 120 meters due to ice sheet formation ~(Rygel et al., 2008).

Quaternary Glaciations (Pleistocene to Present) Pleistocene Glacial-Interglacial Cycles (~2.6 Million Years Ago to Present)
-Mechanics:
Characterized by repeated glacial advances and retreats, with 8 major cycles over the last 800,000 years, each lasting 100,000 years (glacials 90,000 years, interglacials 10,000 years) ~(Lisiecki & Raymo, 2005).
-Causes:
Milankovitch Cycles: Variations in eccentricity (100,000 and 400,000 years), as well as obliquity (41,000 years), and precession (26,000 years) modulate solar insolation, triggering ice sheet growth or retreat ~(Berger, 1988).
-Albedo Feedback:
Expanding ice sheets reflect solar radiation, amplifying cooling ~(Abe-Ouchi et al., 2013).
-Carbon Cycle Feedbacks:
Colder oceans absorb more CO2, and reduced biological activity lowers atmospheric CO2 ~(Sigman & Boyle, 2000).
-Ocean Circulation:
Changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) redistribute heat, influencing glaciation ~(Rahmstorf, 2002).
-Dust Deposition:
Increased dust during glacials enhances ocean productivity, drawing down CO2 ~(Martínez-García et al., 2011).
-CO2 Levels:
Oscillated between ~180–200 ppm (glacial maxima) and ~280–300 ppm (interglacials), based on EPICA Dome C ice core data ~(Lüthi et al., 2008).
-Sea Levels:
Glacials: Dropped by up to 120 meters, exposing continental shelves ~(Clark et al., 2009). Interglacials: Rose to near-modern levels, with the Eemian (125,000 years ago) reaching ~6–9 meters above present ~(Dutton et al., 2015).

Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~26,500–19,000 Years Ago):
-Mechanics:
Peak glaciation with ice sheets covering North America (Laurentide), Europe (Fennoscandian), and Asia ~(Clark et al., 2009).
-Causes:
Maximal cooling from low CO2, high albedo, orbital configurations, and weakened AMOC ~(Shakun et al., 2012).
-CO2 Levels:
180–200 ppm ~(Petit et al., 1999).
-Sea Levels:
120 meters below present, exposing land bridges like Beringia ~(Lambeck et al., 2014).

Holocene Interglacial (~11,700 Years Ago–Present):
-Mechanics:
A warm period with minimal glaciation, stabilizing ~7,000 years ago ~(Marcott et al., 2013).
-Causes:
Increased Northern Hemisphere summer insolation and CO2 release from warming oceans and biosphere ~(Ruddiman, 2003).
-CO2 Levels:
Pre-industrial levels at 280 ppm, rising to approximately 427 ppm as of Dec. 2025. Difference from natural levels due to anthropogenic emissions ~(NOAA, 2025).
Sea Levels:
Rose post-LGM, stabilizing near current levels but now rising 3.7 mm/year due to ice melt and thermal expansion ~(IPCC, 2021).

CO2 Dynamics, Trapped Carbon and Storage During Ice Ages:
Ice Sheets and Permafrost: Locked CO2 and methane in frozen soils and clathrates ~(Zimov et al., 2006).
-Ocean Absorption:
Colder oceans absorbed more CO2 due to increased solubility and enhanced biological pump activity ~(Kohfeld & Ridgwell, 2009).
-Reduced Biological Activity:
Lower photosynthesis and respiration reduced atmospheric CO2 ~(Prentice et al., 2001).
-CO2 Release During Interglacials:
Warming Oceans Reduces CO2 solubility releases stored carbon ~(Martin et al., 2005).
-Permafrost Thaw:
Decomposing organic matter released CO2 and methane, an extremely potent greenhouse gas. ~(Schuur et al., 2015).

-Additional Permafrost Threats:
Thawing permafrost could release not only CO2 and methane but also stored mercury which enters waterways. Bacteria can then convert it to highly toxic methylmercury—a potent neurotoxin that bio-accumulates in fish and can enter human and wildlife food chains, with higher releases from eroding riverbanks and elevated methylation in thawed peatlands, ~(Schuster et al., 2018; Schaefer et al., 2020; Tarbier et al., 2021; Douglas et al., 2024; Lim et al., 2025). There is also a low, “but not zero,” risk of reviving ancient pathogens—though known revived viruses infect only amoebas or insects, with any spillover to birds, mammals, or humans considered unlikely and primarily an ecological concern rather than a direct human threat. ~(Alempic et al., 2023; Claverie/Legendre team, 2014–2024 updates).
-Vegetation Recovery:
Increased plant growth and soil respiration also contributes to CO2 rise ~(Joos et al., 2004).

Anthropogenic CO2 and Impact on Future Ice Ages:
-Current CO2 Levels:
Approximately 427 ppm at the end of 2025, the highest in at least 800,000 years, driven by fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrial processes ~(IPCC, 2021).
-Impact on Ice Age Cycles:
Elevated CO₂ is likely delaying the next glacial period, possibly for tens of thousands of years, with the extent of the delay depending entirely on present and future emission pathways—continued high releases could create a much longer postponement, potentially stalling the cycle if emissions double ~(Archer & Ganopolski, 2005; Kaufhold et al., 2025).
-Super Interglacial:
Earth may enter a prolonged warm period, potentially resembling the Pliocene (3–5 million years ago) with CO2 at ~350 to 450 ppm and temperatures 2–3°C warmer ~(Burke et al., 2018). While high CO2 favors prolonged warmth, some models suggest extreme nutrient-driven carbon burial from warming runoff. This could eventually trigger a rebound cooling, though modern conditions make this unlikely in the foreseeable future ~(Hülse & Ridgwell, 2025).
-Altered Feedbacks:
High CO2 may reduce oceanic CO2 uptake and enhance methane release from permafrost, amplifying warming ~(Ciais et al., 2013).
-Orbital Forcing Overridden:
Even favorable orbital configurations for cooling may be insufficient to initiate glaciation under high CO2 ~(Herrero et al., 2014).
Consequences if Ice Ages Cease:
-Sea Level Rise:
Without ice sheet formation, sea levels could rise as much as 70 meters if Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt fully, inundating coastal regions ~(DeConto & Pollard, 2016).
-Climate Instability:
Loss of ice age cycles may disrupt long-term climate regulation, leading to unpredictable fluctuations ~(Tzedakis et al., 2012), however, new evidence suggests that over the long-term, extreme plankton blooms fueled by nutrient runoff, could draw down and bury massive amounts of carbon. Some scientists theorize that this could possibly overshoot straight to cooling, however current oxygen levels and timescales render this unlikely for millions of years ~(Hülse & Ridgwell, 2025).
-Geological Impacts:
Absence of glacial erosion and isostatic rebound could alter tectonic and sedimentary processes ~(Peltier, 2004).
-Water Cycle:
Altered precipitation patterns may disrupt global water availability ~(Milly et al., 2005).

*Note: -While overall risks dominate, some higher-latitude regions may experience localized benefits such as longer growing seasons.

Consequences of a Greenhouse Earth:
-Extreme Weather Patterns:
A Greenhouse Earth, characterized by sustained high CO2 and temperatures akin to the Pliocene or Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 56 million years ago, 1000 ppm CO2), would intensify extreme weather, supported by climate models and paleoclimate analogs.
-Increased Proportion and Intensity:
Higher sea surface temperatures fuel stronger tropical cyclones, with models projecting an increase in proportion and intensity of Category 4–5 hurricanes by 2100, (more rain and higher winds) ~(Knutson et al., 2020; IPCC AR6, 2021).
-Heatwaves:
More frequent and prolonged heatwaves, with urban heat islands exacerbating impacts ~(Meehl & Tebaldi, 2004).
-Heavy Precipitation and Flooding:
Warmer air holds more moisture, increasing extreme rainfall events by 7% per °C of warming ~(Trenberth, 2011).
-Droughts:
Prolonged droughts in subtropical regions due to poleward expansion of Hadley cells ~(Seager et al., 2007).
-Storm Surges:
Rising sea levels amplify coastal flooding during storms ~(Woodruff et al., 2013).
-Polar Amplification:
Arctic warming accelerates jet stream meandering, causing persistent weather patterns like blocking highs ~(Francis & Vavrus, 2015).

-Paleoclimate Analog:
During the PETM, extreme precipitation and storminess increased, as evidenced by sediment records ~(Carmichael et al., 2017).

Effects on Present Biodiversity and Evolutionary Pressures:
A Greenhouse Earth would profoundly impact biodiversity and evolutionary processes, based on current ecological data and paleontological records:
-Biodiversity Loss:
Habitat Loss as rising temperatures and sea levels threaten coastal, polar, and alpine ecosystems. Significant numbers of species face much higher extinction probability by 2100 under continued high-emission scenarios, particularly in vulnerable regions and among endemic taxa ~(IPCC, 2021; Urban, 2024., Thomas et al., 2004).
-Coral Reefs:
Ocean warming and acidification from CO2 absorption cause widespread coral bleaching, with 70–90% of reefs projected to disappear by 2050 under continued high anthropogenic emissions. This ties to IPCC scenarios for 1.5°C+ warming.~(Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2017). *note -Risks are substantially reducible with rapid emission reductions.
-Polar Ecosystems:
Melting Arctic sea ice endangers species like polar bears and seals, with cascading effects on food webs ~(Post et al., 2013).
-Tropical Forests:
Increased temperatures and altered rainfall reduce forest resilience, threatening biodiversity hotspots like the Amazon ~(Malhi et al., 2008).
-Paleoclimate Analog:
The PETM saw rapid species turnover, with 30–50% of benthic foraminifera extinct due to ocean acidification and warming ~(Zachos et al., 2005).
-Evolutionary Pressures:
Rapid Adaptation as species must adapt to warming, acidification, and habitat shifts within decades, a pace exceeding most evolutionary rates ~(Hoffmann & Sgrò, 2011).
-Range Shifts:
Poleward and elevational migrations (e.g., 6 km/decade for terrestrial species) disrupt ecosystems and favor generalist species ~(Parmesan, 2006).
-Phenological Changes:
Altered timing of life events (e.g., earlier flowering or migration) creates mismatches, like pollinators missing plant blooms ~(Memmott et al., 2007).
-Genetic Bottlenecks:
Small populations face reduced genetic diversity, limiting adaptability, as seen in endangered species like the vaquita ~(Morin et al., 2020).
-Extinction-Driven Evolution:
Mass extinctions open niches, favoring rapid diversification of survivors, as during post-PETM mammal radiations ~(Gingerich, 2006).
-Human Influence:
Selective pressures from habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and over-exploitation amplify natural stressors ~(Barnosky et al., 2011).

Evolutionary Procession:
-Speciation:
Fragmented habitats may drive allopatric speciation, but rapid change limits time for divergence ~(Dynesius & Jansson, 2000).
-Co-evolution Disruption:
Loss of mutualists (e.g., pollinators) hinders co-evolutionary relationships, reducing ecosystem stability ~(Kiers et al., 2010).
-Anthropogenic Selection:
Human activities (e.g., fishing, agriculture) select for traits like smaller body size or faster reproduction, altering evolutionary trajectories ~(Palkovacs, 2011).
-Long-Term Trends:
Over millions of years, a Greenhouse Earth could favor heat-tolerant, generalist species, resembling Miocene faunas adapted to warm climates ~(Figueirido et al., 2019).

Conclusion:
Ice ages have shaped Earth’s climate, geology, and biosphere through intricate interactions of orbital cycles, CO2 dynamics, and feedback mechanisms. From the Huronian to the Quaternary, these cycles regulated climate via CO2 storage and albedo effects, with sea levels fluctuating by up to 120 meters. Current anthropogenic CO2 (approximately 427 ppm) is unprecedented, potentially delaying or preventing future ice ages and ushering in a Greenhouse Earth. This state would intensify extreme weather, with stronger storms, heatwaves, and droughts, while threatening biodiversity through habitat loss and rapid evolutionary pressures. Species face extinction or forced adaptation, with long-term evolutionary shifts favoring generalists. Many of these impacts depend on future emission pathways and could be substantially reduced with rapid de-carbonization. Mitigating these impacts requires urgent action to curb emissions, vetted by the robust paleoclimate and ecological data gathered and presented here.

Thesis References:
Archer, D., & Ganopolski, A. (2005). Climatic Change. Burke, K. D., et al. (2018). PNAS. Clark, P. U., et al. (2009). Science. DeConto, R. M., & Pollard, D. (2016). Nature. Hoffman, P. F., et al. (1998). Science. IPCC (2021). Tzedakis et al. (2012). Tarbier et al. (2021).
Sixth Assessment Report. Knutson, T. R., et al. (2019). Nature Communications. Lüthi, D., et al. (2008). Nature. Thomas, C. D., et al. (2004). Nature. Zachos, J. C., et al. (2005). Alempic et al. (2023). Claverie/Legendre team (2014–2024 updates). Schuster et al. (2018). Schaefer et al. (2020). Kaufhold et al. (2025). Douglas et al. (2024). Thompson et al. (2025). Hülse & Ridgwell, (2025). Marcott et al. (2013). Ruddiman, W. F. (2003).
-Used in the Narration only:
Ruddiman et al. (2003, 2016).

-Science Note:
All data is grounded in peer-reviewed literature and accepted scientific consensus as of Dec. 31, 2025, with CO2 levels averaged to reflect recent NOAA measurements.
-Key Papers and Links:
~Lüthi et al. (2008):“High-resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000 to 800,000 years before present” (EPICA Dome C ice core data).
(full paper): https://t.co/t2Ak782Q8C ~DOI: 10.1038/nature06949
Data supplement: https://t.co/a2xUzTtDN5
~Burke et al. (2018): “Pliocene and Eocene provide best analogs for near future climates”. (full paper-open access PDF): https://t.co/2uXrlRBMlO ~DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809600115
~Archer & Ganopolski (2005): “A movable trigger: fossil fuel CO₂ and the onset of the next glaciation” (anthropogenic delay of ice ages). This is in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3). Full access via: https://t.co/5hpO2mgpFf (may require institutional login; abstract free).
~Ganopolski et al. (2016): “Critical insolation CO₂ relation for diagnosing past and future glacial inception.”
(full paper): https://t.co/Nx8yish8qh ~DOI: 10.1038/nature16494
~Knutson et al. (2020): “Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part II”
(full paper-open access): https://t.co/eWS6cBIrSz: 10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0194.1
~IPCC (2021): Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis. (full report & chapters-open access): https://t.co/9niRq0zk4K
Summary for Policymakers: The Current State of the Climate. https://t.co/4DM7PvAwt7
~Schuster et al. (2018): Permafrost stores a globally significant amount of mercury.
(full paper-open access): https://t.co/546mwUoNtF DOI: 10.1002/2017GL075571
~Hoffman et al. (1998): A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth. (full paper register free for access abstract free): https://t.co/VbsYvwpMNh
DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5381.1342
~DeConto & Pollard (2016): Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise.
(full paper): https://t.co/MrnkuJSOqt
DOI: 10.1038/nature17145
~Zachos et al. (2005): “Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM).” (full paper): https://t.co/OIznx0UQDs DOI: 10.1126/science.1109004
~Douglas et al. (2024): “Mercury export from permafrost across the Yukon River Basin, Alaska. (full paper PDF): https://t.co/pEIoC4fyeP
DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ad536e
~Thompson et al. (2025): “Production of Methylmercury in Peatlands Following Permafrost Thaw Increases along a Trophic Gradient.” (abstract free/institution/paywall): https://t.co/UuiMY1h3zO
~Kaufhold et al. (2025): “Timing of a future glaciation in view of anthropogenic climate change.” (paywall, abstract free): https://t.co/NZBVWehq22
~Hülse & Ridgwell (2025): “Instability in the geological regulation of Earth’s climate.”
(full paper-open access): https://t.co/VjJGrZzCYf
DOI: 10.1126/science.adh7730
~Marcott et al. (2013): “A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years” (register free, abstract free): https://t.co/ULm56kqtin DOI: 10.1126/science.1228026

**Used in the Narrative only:
Ruddiman et al. (2003): “The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago”. Journal: Climatic Change 61: 261–293. (open access): https://t.co/vM6cgTIAvx
DOI: 10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004577.17928.fa
Ruddiman et al. (2016): "Late Holocene climate: Natural or anthropogenic?"
Journal: Reviews of Geophysics, Volume 54, Issue 1. (open access):
Link: https://t.co/XvC9Glspif
DOI: 10.1002/2015RG000503

-Current CO2 Data (as of Dec 2025):
~NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory trends: https://t.co/XwvqopbONt
(Latest global average ~426–427 ppm; Mauna Loa weekly readings around 427 ppm.)

Many of these are open access or have free PDFs—DOIs are the most reliable way to access them (paste into Sci-Hub or your library if needed, or via institutions). If a link is pay-walled, abstracts are always free, and data/supplements often are too. Some just require free registration.

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

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[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

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[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

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[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

@RebelNews_CA The Liberal police?

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

@KevinVuongxMP @oliviachow It's another example of how broken Canada is. The 2 tier policing needs to end! We're all supposed to be the same in the eyes of the law!!

[Kevin Vuong 🇨🇦 @KevinVuongxMP]

Mayor @OliviaChow is a lot of things, but scalper and profiteer taking advantage of Canadians is not something I thought she’d do, never mind try to defend the indefensible.

Torontonians should remember this at the ballot box in October.

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

@KevinVuongxMP 😆 🤣

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

@CrockerBrock We are also 10 times smaller. You would have 3/4 of our own dairy farmers in the unemployment line?

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

@MarkJCarney That's your objective huh...

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

EXPLOSIVE: Documents released on Winnipeg lab, Pierre Poilievre reacts t... https://t.co/Ul0MM8EzCh via @YouTube

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

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[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

Canadians aren’t “technically” hungry, “technically” unemployed, or “tec... https://t.co/Luv01IemRD via @YouTube

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

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[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

@WeAreCanProud

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

@Martyupnorth Yup, total gaslighting.... !!

[Martyupnorth®- Unacceptable Fact Checker @Martyupnorth]

Does nobody even hear what politicians are saying anymore?

"We have taken back control of immigration"...from who?
Was anyone held accountable for letting it get out-of-control.

"We have reigned in government spending. It had been growing at 10%". Again. Was anyone held accountable? Did anyone lose their job. Did you fire any Minister?

Your party's been in power for 11 years. This is on you.

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

https://t.co/gHtVj9mR3z

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

@therealmrbench Trump dosent set policy in canada... this problem is homegrown entirely!

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

@MarcNixon24 She's just a pawn clinging to her own sustenance/job. I mean they must know that we know? Shit, It took like 3 mins to fact check her words into the nearest trash bin..!

[Zanthanee @zanthanee]

@valdombre That's not how human nature works 😒