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[Archaeo - Histories @archeohistories]

The 2000 year old skull of a Peruvian warrior was found to have been fused together with metal in one of the world's oldest examples of advanced surgery, according to a museum.

Museum of Osteology in  Oklahoma says the skull, which is in its collection, is reported to have been that of a man who was injured during battle before having some of the earliest forms of surgery to implant a piece of metal in his head to repair the fracture.

According to experts, that the man survived the surgery, with the skull now a key piece of evidence in proving that ancient peoples were capable of performing advanced surgeries.

The skull in question is an example of a Peruvian elongated skull, which is an ancient form of body modification where tribe members intentionally deformed the skulls of young children by binding them with cloth or even binding the head between two pieces of wood for prolonged periods of time. 

'This is a Peruvian elongated skull with metal surgically implanted after returning from battle, estimated to be from about 2000 years ago. One of our more interesting and oldest pieces in the collection,' the museum said.

'We don't have a ton of background on this piece, but we do know he survived the procedure. Based on the broken bone surrounding the repair, you can see that it's tightly fused together. It was a successful surgery.' 

Skull had originally been kept in the museum's private collection, however it was officially put on display in 2020 following growing public interest in the artifact due to news coverage on the discovery of the skull. The area where the skull was discovered in Peru has long been known for surgeons who invented a series of complex procedures to treat a fractured skull. 

The injury was commonplace at the time due to the use of projectiles like slingshots during battle. Elongated skulls were common in Peru at the time, and were stretched by applying force to a person's cranium, often by binding it between two pieces of wood.

Multiple reasons have been given for skull elongation, varying from serving as a way for society's elites to mark themselves out, to acting as a form of defense. Subsequent archaeological digs have found that Peruvian women who had elongated skulls were less likely to have suffered serious head injuries than those without. 

Surgeons during that time period would scrape a hole in the skull of a living human without the use of modern anesthesia or sterile techniques. 'They learned early on that this was a treatment that could save lives. We have overwhelming evidence that trepanation was not done to increase consciousness or as a purely ritual activity but is linked to patients with severe head injury, (especially) skull fracture,' physical anthropologist John Verano of Tulane University told National Geographic in 2016.

'We don't know the metal. Traditionally, silver and gold was used for this type of procedure,' a spokesperson for the Skeletons: Museum of Osteology.

In a 2018 study published in Current Anthropology, the practice of elongating skulls was found among disparate cultures ranging from the Mayas to the Huns, and were found to be a status symbol of privilege and prestige in groups worldwide. 

© Museum of Osteology

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