The Cross of Honour of the German Mother was a state decoration given by Germany's National Socialist regime, to honour those mothers who exhibited exceptional contributions to the German Nation. Eligibility would later be expanded to include mothers from ethnically German regions in Austria and the Sudetenland, which had been incorporated into the Reich.
Under the Nuremberg Laws, Jews in Germany were not considered full citizens and were therefore not eligible for this award.
Given from 1939 until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, it was awarded in three classes (bronze, silver, and gold). Mothers who exhibited strong moral values, exemplary motherhood, and had conceived and raised four or more children as a parent were considered for the decoration.
In recognition of the substantial importance motherhood had in support of a strong Germany, the Cross of Honour was introduced by decree on 16 December 1938 by Fuhrer and Reichschancellor Adolf Hitler.
The crosses were awarded annually, on Mother's Day.
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Benito Mussolini strikes a characteristic pose in a photograph that would be widely circulated in the early days of his dictatorship. Mussolini was highly regarded as a genius and national hero who brought Italy back into the spotlight as a continental power in Europe. However, his pacts with Germany forced Italy into World War II, and most of his early efforts to fix the country were reversed.
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The Anti-Fascist Action active in France began in 2008 with a network of loose, extreme-leftist antifascist groups. Members of these groups are referred to as 'antifas' and are "affiliated" to an informal group of relatively similar movements that emerged across Europe in 1990s.
They are based off of German Anti-Fascist movements of '30s, which were crushed by the Nazi regime when they took power in 1933. Like the German movement, the French version's goal is to eliminate extreme-right and Nazi viewpoints and establishments, stopping at nothing including violence.
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Photo of Adolf Hitler and close staff on a campaign plane during his campaign tour of Germany in the interests of the current plebiscite for equality with other nations.
The plane was piloted by Hitler's chief lieutenant, Hermann Göring.
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British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain walks alongside German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and General Franz von Epp as they leave the Munich Airport for the "Four-Power Conference" to ensure a peace in Europe. - 1933
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French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and his Grande Armee flee Russian advances in the retreat from Moscow during the Napoleonic War of the Sixth Coalition. - 20 November 1812
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Anarcho-Capitalism (also referred to as Free-Market Anarchism, Anarcho-Syndicalism, and Private-Property Anarchism among others), basically calls for some form of stateless society where an economic system based on uncontrolled market interactions exists without regulation.
Within the many divergent groups of Anarcho-Capitalists there are a multitude of views on property and labor relations that widely differ, and while many consider themselves simply as anti-capitalist and in opposition to the private ownership of the means of production, others stress the need to protect private property, describing this as an integral component of individual rights and a free-market economy.
Generally, there seems to be little agreement amongst groups about what to do when government ceases to exist, or how to accomplish it.
Essentially, this economic theory favors the replacement and abolition of State institutions and services with private providers. Anarcho-Capitalists argue that a society could function without an established state through voluntary exchange and private institutions to provide law and security.
This model of system envisions a voluntary society that takes from concepts such as the non-aggression principle, free markets, and self-ownership of property.
In the absence of statutory laws, private defense firms and insurance companies would operate competitively, and provide services analogous to those performed by courts or law enforcement under a standard State system.
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'Anarcho-Feminism' essentially combines anarchism with the tenets of feminism.
It views all "male-dominated" society (patriarchies) and traditional gender roles as an "involuntary and coersive heirarchy" that should be replaced with decentralized free association. Anarcho-feminists believe the struggle against patriarchy is an essential part of the class struggle and the State.
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The term "anarchism" is generally used by people who want to abolish the government, destroy capitalism, abolish violence in all forms, abolish large-scale production, or simply end established society as a whole.
The most extreme anarchists will even use violence to achieve the overturning of all constituted forms and institutions of society and government, however they usually don't have any plans for what they will put in place after this.
- Put simply, an anarchist is one who revolts against established rules, laws, or customs -
Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the State with stateless societies and voluntary free associations.
It is an extreme left-wing ideology, and is described as the libertarian wing of the Socialist movement.
Anarchists employ a wide range of approaches to enact social change, often described as revolutionary or evolutionary.
Evolutionary options generally favour non-violent and gradual change, while revolutionary action seeks to destroy oppressive states and institutions.
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The 'American Front' was founded in San Francisco in 1984, making it one of the longest continually running White supremacist organizations in the United States.
Its founder, Bob Heick, loosely modeled the group after the British National Front.
In 1985, Heick began distributing leaflets containing nationalist anti-communist sentiments in response to an increase in leftist viewpoints in the underground punk subculture. Originally intended as an umbrella organization for all local skinheads, it did not have any formal structure.
Heick's evolution beyond natural American patriotism to outright Nazism lost him many friends, and some accused him of trying to take over the local skinhead scene. So he would therefore start aligning himself with heavy metal fans and rural White workers. He formed the shortlived "United White Brethren" in the North and South Bay areas.
In 1987 Heick found the newer generation of skinheads to be more receptive to Nazism. American Front transformed into a legitimate political organization and was no longer exclusive to skinheads. Their telephone hotline repeated a quote from author Jack London, "I'm a worker, but first of all I'm a White worker."
On 1 May 1988, AF held its first White Workers' Day march on Haight Street in San Francisco, with 65 participants. The "Aryan Warrior" tabloid was published soon after.
Tom Metzger of "White Aryan Resistance" began parading Heick in front of cameras as a spokesman for White power skinheads. American Front would go on to be featured in major publications such as Rolling Stone, Hustler, and Sassy, and by 1989 there were AF chapters in 14 US states.
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The 'Alternative for Germany' is a right-wing political party founded in February 2013 by Bernd Lucke, Frauke Petry, and Konrad Adam. The same year the party formed a youth organization with a similar name, but its activities were not closely related.
The AfD began as a centre-right conservative party of the middle class - supporting mild Euroscepticism, opposition to the Euro, opposition to economic bailouts of neighboring countries, and hostility towards homosexual marriage.
However the party soon became a magnet for extremist politics.
The AfD would attract individuals including former members of the National Democratic Party of Germany, and saw a shift to the extreme right with anti-immigration views and an opposition to Islam, as well as a preference towards strengthened ties to Russia.
In 2015, Bernd Lucke broke off from AfD to form a new party, 'The Alliance for Progress and Renewal,' citing xenophobia and preferential treatment towards Russia as reasons.
In 2016, Petry repeatedly made remarks calling for the shooting of refugees at Germany's border, and the party has since adopted a platform of opposition to Islam, calling for the banning of all Muslim symbols including burkhas, minarets, and calls to prayer. Other members have been found guilty of posting antisemitic views on social media, and have been closely aligned with 'Patriotic Europeans Against The Islamisation of the West.'
The AfD has voiced desires to break from consensus politics and prefers to avoid "politically correct" terminology, claiming it undermines freedom of speech.
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Legionary Action, popularly referred to as "The Blackshirts," is a fascist political organization founded in Peru in 2013.
They trace their origins to 1931 and founding of the Revolutionary Union, a Peruvian political party created by Luis Miguel Sànchez Cerro, Brigade General of the Army of Peru. After Cerro's death, the group was led by Luis Alberto Flores Medina, who would continue his political philosophy.
Modern leaders of Legionary Action include Lucio Rovegno - paramount chief and highest authority within the organization - and Enzo Fernandez Ciotola, - National leader of the Section of Press and Propaganda.
Legionary Action is characterized by opposition to liberalism and communism, and regards the current Peruvian government as corrupt and incompetent.
They operate under the slogan "neither left nor right" and support 'Peruvian Fascism' (National Corporatism), which is a political doctrine seeking to "...rebuild the nationality through a social discipline and spiritual awareness, the harmonization of social classes, and the corporate organization of the State (in summary - a Fascist dictatorship).
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The (German) Anti-Fascist Action is an umbrella organization for a number of militant antifascist groups in Germany that formed in 1932. It did not survive WWII, but local committees were formed across Germany, typically by organization veterans, when the Nazis lost power in 1944.
These committees generally consisted of Communists, Social Democrats, and Progressive Christians.
The modern antifascist movement in Germany is considered to have started in the late 1980s, growing out of the West's squatter scene and autonomism movement. Ultimately, its origins stem from the student-based Extra-parliamentary Opposition and the values associated with growing social movements.
Unlike the organization of the '30s, which was linked to the Communist Party of Germany and was concerned with working class politics against Hitler's NSDAP, the "autonomists" were independent anti-authoritarian Libertarian Marxists and Anarcho-Communists not associated with any party.
It was after German reunification that most "antifa" groups formed.
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Photograph of Adolf Hitler as he attends the premiere of "Storm Detachment Men Brand", given to the UFA Palace Theatre in Berlin. He is seen passing through a double row of Storm Detachment Men standing at attention. - 14 June 1933
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Peter Minuit (1589-1638), Director of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, offering a group of Native Americans an assortment of goods in exchange for Manhattan Island. - 24 May 1626
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