inevitable outcome, the probability is no longer low enough to be ignored. The key to preparation lies in individuals cultivating skills that cannot be easily replaced by AI—such as judgment, creativity, and interpersonal abilities—while, at the national level, ensuring that "
see a temporary spike to 8%–12% before subsiding. However, if policy responses lag or if technological substitution accelerates explosively, we could face extreme scenarios: 20% unemployment in the United States, or as high as 60% in China and India. While this is not an
explorations of universal basic income). 3. Social structural adaptability (i.e., the willingness of the workforce to transition into "high-touch" roles—such as those in nursing, creative fields, or interpersonal services).
If things go well, the unemployment rate might only
capabilities and the speed of its implementation (i.e., whether it can truly replace both physical labor and complex cognitive tasks).
2. The responsiveness of governments (including the scale of retraining initiatives, the shift in taxation from labor to capital, and potential
green energy, personalized services, space exploration, and biotechnology—and that, historically, economies have always managed to absorb the shocks brought about by technological change.
Ultimately, the outcome will be determined by three key factors:
1. The upper limits of AI
forecasts suggest that while the impact will be substantial, net job losses will remain manageable; the WEF even projects a net increase in global employment by 2030. The rationale is that productivity gains will drive new demand and foster the emergence of new industries—such as
as large-scale retraining programs, a reduction in working hours, or some form of basic income—a 20% unemployment rate is not impossible in a worst-case scenario.
### Why might the figures for China and India be even higher—reaching 60%? Both nations possess massive labor
meanwhile, the number of high-skilled AI-related roles is too limited to absorb such a vast workforce.
### A Balanced Perspective and Uncertainties
Major institutions—including the IMF, the World Economic Forum (WEF), and Goldman Sachs—offer a more optimistic outlook. Most
relatively well-developed welfare system, factors such as political polarization and a widening skills gap—where high-skilled workers benefit while those with low-to-medium skills suffer—will exacerbate structural unemployment. In the absence of timely policy interventions—such
I believe that in the future, the unemployment rate in the United States could reach around 20%, while in countries like China and India, it could climb as high as 60%.
This is not alarmism, but rather a projection of an extreme scenario that could unfold in the labor market as
exist in 1940). However, the current pace of change is several times faster than that of the Industrial Revolution, which will likely lead to high levels of frictional unemployment during the transition period.
- **Limited social buffers:** Although the U.S. possesses a