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"In the absence of an external source of morality, we can still lead rich and satisfying lives, even by creating ourselves according to our own values. In doing so, we may also care about other people, rejecting egoism and ruthlessness. That caring sets limits."
-Jonathan Glover
Civic Virtue
- Wikipedia
"The Politics of Aristotle viewed citizenship as consisting, not of political rights, but rather of political duties. Citizens were expected to put their private lives and interests aside and serve the state in accordance with duties defined by law."
"When morals decline and good men do nothing, evil flourishes. A society unwilling to learn from past is doomed. We must never forget our history."
- J. Edgar Hoover
"The Constitution is the guide which I never will abandon.
Be courteous to all, but intimate with few, and let those few be well tried before you give them your confidence."
- George Washington
Portrait of George Washington (c. 1797).
-Gilbert Stuart
"The government you elect is the government you deserve."
- Thomas Jefferson
Official presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, (1800)
Scottish Enlightenment
- Wikipedia
David Hume (1711–76) whose Treatise on Human Nature (1738) and Essays, Moral and Political (1741) helped outline the parameters of philosophical Empiricism and Scepticism."
David Hume and Adam Smith on the Scottish National Portrait Gallery
"All men by nature are equal in that equal right that every man hath to his natural freedom, without being subjected to the will or authority of any other man; being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions."
-John Locke
Alexander Hamilton
American Founding Father and statesman (1755/1757–1804)
- Wikipedia
Portrait of Hamilton authoring the first draft of the U.S. Constitution in 1787
"Knowledge will forever govern ignorance; and a people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives."
- James Madison
"Posterity! You will never know, how much it cost the present Generation, to preserve your Freedom! I hope you will make a good Use of it. If you do not, I shall repent in Heaven, that I ever took half the Pains to preserve it."
- John Adams
"Normative ethics is the study of ethical behaviour and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates questions regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense."
Normative ethics
- Wikipedia
Conscience - Wikipedia
... Conscience considered philosophically may be first, and perhaps most commonly, a largely unexamined "gut feeling" or "vague sense of guilt" about what ought to be or should have been done."
Marcus Aurelius
after 170 CE
Marie-Lan Nguyen (2007)
Ship of Fools - Wikipedia
"The Latin translation of Sebastian Brant's popular humanist work 'Ship of Fools', translated by Brant's pupil Jakob Locher and printed in 1497."
Centre for Research Collections University of Edinburgh
Has the Bible become like the Constitution of the United States of America, in that they have both been completely distorted and words are intentionally misinterpreted by those looking to find loopholes so that they can get away with anything that they want?