As a founder, If you’re raising venture capital, sitting in board meetings, or speaking with institutional investors, there are about 30-40 business terms you should know cold. I have been doing this for more than 10years so these are the ones that matter.
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1. WACC — Weighted Average Cost of Capital
This is one of the most important concepts in corporate finance.
Meaning
The average cost of every dollar the company uses to finance itself.
Money isn’t free.
A company can obtain money from:
Equity (selling shares)
Debt (bank loans, bonds)
Each has a cost.
WACC combines both.
Example:
You need ₦100 million.
You raise
₦60m from investors
₦40m from the bank
Investor expects 20% return.
Bank charges 10% interest.
Your WACC is
(60% × 20%) + (40% × 10%)
= 12% + 4%
= 16%
Meaning:
Every project you invest in should ideally earn more than 16%.
If not, you’re destroying value.
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Why VCs care
Suppose you tell a VC
“Our expansion will generate 8% yearly.”
If your WACC is 16%
The VC thinks
“Why are you investing in something earning less than your cost of capital?”
Bad management.
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2. CAC — Customer Acquisition Cost
One of the first numbers investors ask.
Formula
CAC = Marketing Spend ÷ Customers Acquired
Example
You spend
₦5 million on ads
Acquire
500 customers
CAC
= ₦10,000
Meaning
It costs you ₦10k to get one customer.
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3. LTV — Lifetime Value
How much one customer generates before leaving.
Example
Customer pays
₦10,000/month
Average customer stays
36 months
Revenue
= ₦360,000
Gross margin
70%
LTV
≈ ₦252,000
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Investors love
LTV : CAC
If
LTV = ₦250k
CAC = ₦10k
Ratio
25:1
Fantastic.
Generally:
Below 1:1 → Losing money
Around 3:1 → Healthy
5:1+ → Excellent (assuming the numbers are sustainable)
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4. Burn Rate
How fast you’re spending money.
Example
Cash in bank
₦120m
Monthly expenses
₦10m
Burn rate
₦10m/month
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5. Runway
How long before you run out of cash.
Cash
₦120m
Burn
₦10m/month
Runway
12 months
VCs almost always ask
“How much runway do you have?”
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6. EBITDA
Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortisation
Measures operating profitability before financing and certain accounting charges.
Think of it as
“How much does the business generate from operations?”
Very common in acquisitions.
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7. ARR
Annual Recurring Revenue.
Critical for SaaS.
Monthly subscriptions
₦2m
ARR
₦24m
Investors love growing ARR.
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8. MRR
Monthly Recurring Revenue.
If subscriptions
₦500k
Next month
₦700k
MRR increased.
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9. Gross Margin
How much remains after direct costs.
Example
Revenue
₦100m
Cost to deliver
₦30m
Gross margin
70%
High gross margins usually make companies more scalable.
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10. EBITDA Margin
EBITDA ÷ Revenue
Shows operational efficiency.
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11. ROI
Return on Investment.
Simple.
Invest
₦1m
Earn
₦1.5m
ROI
50%
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12. IRR
Internal Rate of Return.
Measures the annualised return of an investment over time.
Private equity firms use this constantly.
Higher IRR = better investment.
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13. NPV
Net Present Value.
Money today is worth more than money tomorrow.
NPV discounts future cash flows to today’s value.
Positive NPV
Good investment.
Negative
Reject.
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14. Cap Table
Capitalisation Table.
Shows
Founders
Investors
Employee stock options
Ownership percentages
Every startup should have one.
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15. Dilution
Every fundraising round usually reduces existing shareholders’ percentage ownership.
Example
You own
100%
Raise investment
Now own
80%
You’ve been diluted.
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16. Valuation
What the company is worth.
Pre-money
Value before investment.
Post-money
Value after investment.
Example
Company worth
₦900m
Investor puts
₦100m
Post-money valuation
₦1 billion
Investor owns
10%
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17. TAM
Total Addressable Market.
Entire possible market.
Example
Nigeria spends
₦5 trillion yearly on facilities management.
TAM
₦5 trillion.
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Nigeria has a Hydrological Services Agency @nihsa_ng, that publishes extensive data about rainfall and flooding across the country.
I think there's a huge opportunity for the agency to be more active on social media.
I just found these on their website. See River Niger...
President Trump has accused major oil companies of failing to pass on the benefits of sharply lower crude oil prices to consumers at the pump, saying customers are being "gouged."
Dangote is selling fuel for cheaper to Togo than it is to Nigeria.
Dangote cement is cheaper in Ghana than it is in Nigeria.
Nigeria provided the cheap USD, raw materials and policies that made these businesses possible.
Why are we getting the shorter end of the stick?
One of the best pieces of advice I ever got: If you want a calmer life, you need to address small problems while they’re still small. The cost of dealing with an issue rarely gets cheaper with time. Procrastination turns uncomfortable things into unavoidable things.
This sentences by Van Gogh hits hard:
“If I am worth anything later, I am worth something now. For wheat is wheat, even if people think it is a grass in the beginning.”
In life, as a grown man, it's extremely important that you're respected.
If by some bad luck, or as a consequence of your own shortcomings, you're unable to inspire respect, very urgently find the shortest route to being feared.
Yesterday Dickson said that he intends to enjoy the lockdown with another man's wife.
I warned him. I thought he was joking but he really went ahead to court another man's wife.
They booked an hotel & the woman's husband caught up with them.
“This Is The Spot Where The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima Happened, Where Thousands Of Japanese Were Killed. Take a Look At What Life Looks Like There Now, You Would Never Even Know Such a Tragic Event Occurred. Everywhere Is Developed, Beautiful And Full Of Life.”~ Nigerian Lady Based In Japan