Flynn Calcutt

Game-mechanical engineer

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

ARC AGI 3 is finally out!
I put a little bit of my soul into some of these games.
I hope the humans enjoy playing the public games, and the models enjoy playing the private ones.

[ARC Prize @arcprize]

Announcing ARC-AGI-3

The only unsaturated agentic intelligence benchmark in the world

Humans score 100%, AI <1%

This human-AI gap demonstrates we do not yet have AGI

Most benchmarks test what models already know, ARC-AGI-3 tests how they learn

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

There's a great opportunity for mogging here:
Which lab submits a zero-day report to the other first?

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

I will be in SF between the 20th and the 28th for the release of ARC AGI 3 (which I helped develop) on the 25th.

[CaptainZ @hiCaptainZ]

《ZK-Hunt：全链游戏实现隐藏信息的新尝试》

两周前 @0xPARC 的 @FlynnCalcutt 发表了一篇巨长的技术文章“ZK Hunt: an exploration into the unknown”，介绍了如何使用承诺和ZKP来实现全链游戏的信息隐藏。

我花了一周时间翻译了这篇文章，希望对制作非对称信息的全链游戏开发者有所帮助。

这篇文章介绍了一个名为ZK Hunt的链上多人对战游戏。该游戏由MUD框架支持,使用circom进行零知识证明的生成和验证。游戏开发过程中探索了不同的零知识证明游戏机制,以及信息不对称带来的游戏体验。

游戏中每个玩家控制一个单位,单位可以在草地和丛林之间移动。在草地上移动时,玩家的位置对所有人可见。进入丛林后,玩家的位置就变成私密的,其他玩家无法知道确切位置,只能看到一个可能位置的范围。这实现了公共状态和私密状态之间的转换。进入丛林时,玩家提交当前位置的承诺(commitment),以及一个证明承诺的正确性。在丛林中移动时,玩家提交新的位置承诺,以及一个零知识证明,证明新的承诺基于合法的位置移动计算所得。每次成功的移动会更新位置承诺。

文章详细介绍了位置承诺的计算过程,以及如何利用承诺实现公共状态到私密状态的转换。位置承诺包含坐标和一个随机数,可以防止暴力破解找到确切位置。另外,文章还讨论了如何高效地将地图信息输入到circuits中,从而进行位置有效性检查。

游戏中实现了多种互动方式,以发现其他玩家的私密位置或状态:

标枪可以公开发现其他玩家。被击中后玩家位置公开。
搜索可以私下发现其他玩家。被发现的玩家向搜索者透露位置,而其他玩家不知情。

丛林中的搜索实现了完全隐蔽的互动。搜索者和被搜索者的位置都不会公开,外界玩家甚至不知道是否有互动发生。这需要额外的加密和证明逻辑,比如承诺的零知识校验,可验证加密,以及防止双花的nullifier。

游戏还引入了抵押金机制。玩家需要缴纳抵押金才能进入游戏。如果玩家违反游戏规则,比如不响应位置检查,其他玩家可以撤销其抵押金,迫使其遵守游戏规则。这种挑战-响应-撤销机制可以确保玩家遵守各种交互要求。

文章进一步讨论了这些互动方式的广义形式,包括公开和私密的状态读取,公开和私密的状态修改,以及包含私密参数的私密交互。零知识证明、承诺、可验证加密和nullifier的组合为玩家的私有状态交互提供了支持。智能合约逻辑、链上证明验证和抵押金又确保了这些交互按规则进行。

这些机制可以扩展到NPC,实现含有私密状态的NPC,由玩家操控,但行为确定性。这需要玩家缴纳抵押金,避免违规。另一大用途是世界的私密发现,一个角色可私下保存整个游戏世界的状态,回应玩家的世界查询。但这种单一化存档存在问题,容易受到勾结和失败的影响。使用门限签名等多方计算技术可以提高鲁棒性。

上面只是原文简单概述，中文全文（配视频和图片）请参考我的blog文章：

https://t.co/9vID4CDvE2

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

More to come
https://t.co/tTtjeYEVhW

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

⛓️ 👁️ 📣

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

It took longer than expected, and some things got in the way, but the extended technical write-up for ZK Hunt is finally here. Hopefully this can serve as a resource for people interested in exploring ZK game mechanics in onchain games.

[0xPARC @0xPARC]

1/ [New Post] @FlynnCalcutt shares ZK Hunt: an exploration into the unknown.
https://t.co/UVX2j7Jw3k

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

AMASS DATA

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

@shumochu With the way things are going, it may end up being the only non-controversial statement left, if we're still around to make statements at all.

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

I like Bing

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

Cryptography feels like the closest thing we have to magic. Combine numbers in the right way and you can perform miracles.

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

I was blind, but now I MPC

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

⛓️ 👁️ 📣

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

3. Cryptocurrency is actually the foundational use case, because once you have a notion of digital value, you can start programming with incentives.

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

My understanding has progressed through the following stages:
1. Blockchains are for cryptocurrency.
2. Blockchains are for consensus on arbitrary global state and the coordination of state transitions over time. Cryptocurrency is just a single use case of many.
...

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

@BlakeMScurr For games where you drop some loot when you die, you would still want to deposit some form of non-rep value for other players to pick up, but this could also be in-game wealth/items. Although if the game is onchain, the distinction between this and out-of-game value may not exist

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

Last week was the final demo night for the 0xPARC Autonomous Worlds Residency. During the residency I worked on a project called ZK Hunt, an onchain game which explores different ZK game mechanics and information asymmetry.

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

@BlakeMScurr Yeah this makes sense. In the system I described for ZK Hunt you actually get your deposit back each time you leave a match (dropping a small amount as loot if you die), but as you earn rep, an increasing portion of the deposit could be made up of that, until it's only rep.

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

@BlakeMScurr When thinking about slashing within the context of a game, it naturally follows that the deposit requirement would scale with your skill level/MMR/in-game wealth, such that new players would have a low barrier to entry, while experienced players would still fear being slashed.

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

@BlakeMScurr If all you do is ban the address, then the player could just spin up a new address; the deposit provides sybil resistance. You could slash some form of onchain reputation/MMR, but a small deposit could be useful to help to bootstrap that.

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

You can find the codebase for ZK Hunt here, it’s still a WIP. In the README you can find a writeup of ZK Hunt, which goes through the mechanics and the techniques used to achieve them. I intend to post a more comprehensive writeup in the near future. https://t.co/EqEWLqkfbe

[Flynn Calcutt @FlynnCalcutt]

Earlier on in the residency I gave a talk about some of the mental models relating to private state that I had developed while working on ZK Hunt, you can find that here. https://t.co/Yl0Q7c8aPN