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Subtypes are given only when the genetic cause is known. Each subtype corresponds to a gene: Every person with CMT2B has a mutation in the RAB7 gene and everyone with CMT4C has two mutations in the SH3TC2gene.
Since 1991, more than 100 different genes causing CMT have been identified and the list continues to grow. CMT can be divided into types and subtypes. The types are the clinical pictures of CMT usually defined by inheritance pattern and nerve conductions.
CMT forms are usually either demyelinating or axonal in nature, though intermediate forms also exist. Since CMT is a multi-gene disorder, there are many different genes that cause the disorder when mutated.
The peripheral nerves are often described as being like electrical wires, with an inner core (the axon) that is wrapped in insulation (the myelin sheath). When the myelin is damaged (Type 1 CMT), the nerve impulses are conducted more slowly than normal.
The peripheral nervous system also comprises motor and sensory nerve fibers, and since CMT affects the peripheral nerves, it usually results in both motor symptoms (weakness and muscle wasting) and sensory symptoms (numbness).
Messages that travel from the brain down the spinal cord, through the lower motor neurons (such as the sciatic nerve of the leg) to the muscles of the body are part of the motor neuron circuitry.