helmi khalaf

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[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@Abu_Sufyan33 هاد في ألو فديو صار ترند تعليق ومسخرةعلى مؤخرته الكبيرة هوة وعميطفي المكيف ببث مباشر

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@Sainte_Hermine5 It's a Kinder Surprise toy

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@AmaniAAJ 😆😄

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@SAlrja @AH_AlSharaa أنا عاشرت ناس من مدينة دير الزور أكابر وراقيين أطباء ومهندسين وضباط وقضاة مافي مقارنة بين إبن المدينة وإبن الريف
حتى أهل الدير بقولو عن إبناء الريف شوايا لاتنسى كمان حسين الشرع حكا عن أهل دمشق وقلك أنو عندن تكبر وشوفة حال على أهل الريف

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@Abu_Sufyan33 كل حديث جميل عن النبي عليه الصلاةوالسلام يدعوا للتفائل ويدخل الفرح والسرور إلى قلب المسلم يضعفه إبن الحرام

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@thematrixb0t This filthy man destroyed my country, Syria.

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@Janetakins13 @sciencegirl 😅

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@rsjones8269 @hherry0 🙏

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@TheFigen_ 😍

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@silverpebble 💪👏

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@SuleimanAlWaili @SyPresidency هو الشاعرالكبير عمرأبو ريشة

[Archaeo - Histories @archeohistories]

Cuneiform is a system of writing that was invented by Sumerians of ancient Mesopotamia. Believed to have been created sometime during 4th Millennium BC (between 3500-3000 BC), this script is regarded as the earliest known form of writing. Cuneiform became an unreadable script as its use came to an end. Nevertheless, this writing system has been preserved in the archaeological record, thanks mainly due to the clay tablets they were written on. It was only during the 19th Century that cuneiform was finally deciphered and scholars could begin to understand the texts that were written in this ancient script.

While cuneiform was first used for the Sumerian language, it was later adapted for other languages as well, including Akkadian, Elamite, and Hittite. Furthermore, several alphabetic systems were inspired by cuneiform. It is thanks to Old Persian, a writing system inspired by cuneiform, that Europeans came to know about this ancient script. The first known European references about cuneiform were made by travelers visiting Persepolis, once the capital of the mighty Achaemenid Empire.

During 18th Century, German explorer Carsten Niebuhr copied the carved cuneiform inscriptions he saw at Persepolis and published them when he returned to Europe. The process of decipherment, however, only began in 1802, when Georg Friedrich Grotefend, a German archaeologist and linguist, noticed that there was a recurring pattern in the introductory lines of the Old Persian texts. Grotefend was also familiar with later Sassanian inscriptions and the writings of Herodotus, so he deduced the lines names and titles of the Achaemenid rulers.

Still, it was only later during the century that a real breakthrough in the decipherment of cuneiform was made. In 1835, Henry Rawlinson, who at that time was serving as an army officer in the British East India Company, visited the Behistun Inscription in Iran. This inscription, which was carved onto a cliff face during the reign of Darius the Great, contained three different cuneiform script languages – Old Persian, Akkadian, and Elamite. Rawlinson began with the Old Persian text, which he copied and deciphered. Two years later, a translation of the first two paragraphs of the inscription, which contained the titles and genealogy of Darius, was forwarded to the Royal Asiatic Society.

Once the translation of the Old Persian text was accomplished, Rawlinson went on to tackle the Akkadian and Elamite sections of the Behistun Inscription. At the same time, another scholar, an Egyptologist by the name of Edward Hincks also began working on cuneiform texts, though independently from Rawlinson.

In 1842, the city of Nineveh was discovered by Paul-Émile Botta. During the excavations, the Great Library of Assurbanipal was unearthed. This was significant for cuneiform studies, as tens of thousands of baked clay tablets with cuneiform inscriptions were found. A discovery of a similar scale would later be made in 1906, when the royal archive of Hattusa, which also contained a large quantity of cuneiform-covered tablets, was excavated.

Returning to the middle of the 19th Century, Rawlinson and Hincks were soon joined by two other scholars in their quest to decipher cuneiform – Julius Oppert and William Henry Fox Talbot. In 1857, the four men met in London to test the accuracy of their methods on a cuneiform text that had not been deciphered. The results produced were in close agreement, and it was declared that the decipherment of cuneiform had been accomplished.

© Ancient Origins / Wu Mingren

#archaeohistories

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

@AMAZlNGNATURE It seems that we were the ones who were kicked out of another galaxy

[World Scholar @WorldScholar_]

It's unbelievable how this level of detail is even possible.

The 5 bronze doors of Milan's Duomo will keep you staring for hours.

[History Content @HistContent]

The oldest flood story ever written

Over 3,600 years ago, Sumerian scribes in Nippur recorded the Eridu Genesis, humanity’s earliest creation and flood myth.

It tells how An, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursag created mankind, built the first cities such as Eridu, Larak, Sippar, and Shuruppak, then sent a great flood to destroy them.

Only Zi-ud-sura survived after building a great boat and offering sacrifices to the gods long before the story of Noah.

📜Tablet from Nippur, ca. 1600 BCE — The Metropolitan Museum of Art

[Forgotten History @4gottnHistory]

It’s striking how the world’s earliest civilizations tell the same story of powerful beings descending from the heavens to shape humanity’s destiny.

Coincidence 🤔

[Megalithic Marvels @derek__olson]

What do you notice?

Bishop, California: a huge basalt outcropping covered with ancient petroglyphs.

There’s far more to our prehistoric past in what we now call America than we’ve been told…

[helmi khalaf @Helmikhalafaa]

هل تتذكر متى انضممت إلى X؟ نعم أتذكر! #الذكرى_السنوية_لانضمامي_إلى_X