This is why Hallaq argues that the “Islamic state” is a contradiction in terms
Not because Islam cannot govern, but because the state as such cannot be Islamic in form.
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Is an Islamic state possible today, or is the very form of the modern state structurally un-Islamic?
Enter the bifurcation of the very concept of a state into its content (mutable) and its form (enduring and ontological).
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The above concepts make the modern state, to Hallaq, structurally incompatible with Islamic political theology.
One cannot simply replace content while retaining the form and expect the result to be Islamic.