เก็ง Grammar ครั้งสุดท้าย A-LEVEL 68
The number of vs. A number of
The number of + singular verb → The number of students is increasing.
A number of + plural verb → A number of students are late.
Hyphen (-) vs. Dash (–, —)
Hyphen ใช้เชื่อมคำ เช่น well-known, state-of-the-art
En dash (–) ใช้ระยะ เช่น 1990–2000, Bangkok–Chiang Mai
Em dash (—) ใช้แทรกข้อมูล เช่น He finally arrived—after three hours.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Singular subject → singular verb: Everyone is ready.
Plural subject → plural verb: The students are studying.
Collective nouns → singular/plural ตามความหมาย: The team is winning. / The team are arguing.
Parallel Structure (โครงสร้างขนานกัน)
ใช้โครงสร้างที่เหมือนกันในประโยค
Incorrect: He likes reading, to swim, and running.
Correct: He likes reading, swimming, and running.
Comparisons (การเปรียบเทียบ)
More/less + than: This book is more interesting than that one.
As...as: She is as tall as her brother.
Superlatives (-est / most): This is the most expensive bag.
Modifiers (Dangling & Misplaced Modifiers)
Dangling: After finishing the book, the movie was disappointing. (ผิด)
Corrected: After finishing the book, I found the movie disappointing.
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
Pronoun ต้องสอดคล้องกับคำนามที่อ้างถึง
Incorrect: Everyone must bring their book.
Correct: Everyone must bring his or her book. (ถ้าใช้ they ต้องเป็น plural)
Conditionals (If-Clauses)
Zero conditional: If you heat ice, it melts.
First conditional: If it rains, we will stay inside.
Second conditional: If I were rich, I would travel the world.
Third conditional: If I had studied, I would have passed.
Gerund vs. Infinitive
Gerund (-ing): ใช้เป็นคำนาม I enjoy swimming.
Infinitive (to + V1): ใช้แสดงวัตถุประสงค์ I want to swim.
บางคำเปลี่ยนความหมาย: Stop to eat (หยุดเพื่อกิน) vs. Stop eating (หยุดกิน)
Prepositions (การใช้บุพบท)
At, On, In (เวลาและสถานที่) → at night, on Monday, in 2024
Dependent Prepositions: Interested in, good at, afraid of
Passive Voice
Active: They built this house in 1990.
Passive: This house was built in 1990.
Relative Clauses (Who, Which, That, Whose, Where, When, Why)
Defining: The man who is wearing a hat is my uncle.
Non-defining: My uncle, who is wearing a hat, is funny.
Reported Speech
เปลี่ยน tense ในการรายงาน
Direct: "I am happy," she said.
Reported: She said that she was happy.
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