Medical Insight

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):
- Chronic condition where stomach contents flow back (reflux) into the esophagus
- Caused by a relaxation or weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter
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Here's an infographic for quick revision of GERD. Follow for more!
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Prevention:
- Dietary and lifestyle modifications like avoid spicy food, don't eat large meals, lose weight, eat 2-3 hours before bedtime and sleep with head elevated.
- Management of conditions that can cause GERD.
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Surgical Management (2/2):
- Stretta procedure - endoscopic therapy that delivers radiofrequency energy to thicken sphincter
- Others like TIF and EsophyX modify anatomy via endoscopy instead of open surgery
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Surgical Management (1/2):
- Fundoplication - most common surgery, wraps top of stomach around esophagus to strengthen sphincter, done laparoscopically.
- LINX device - magnetic bead ring implanted around esophagus to prevent reflux
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Medical Management:
- Antacids- neutralize stomach acid, fast relief
- H2 blockers- decrease acid production, taken 30-60 min before meals
- Proton pump inhibitors - block acid production, take 30 min before meal for 4-8 weeks
- Prokinetics- help stomach empty faster.
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Diagnosis:
- Clinical history
- Endoscopy
- Barium swallow x-ray
- Esophageal pH monitoring
- Esophageal manometry
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Signs and Symptoms:
- Heartburn
- Regurgitation of food or sour taste
- Chest pain
- Trouble swallowing
- Feeling of lump in throat
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Causes:
- Diet - spicy, fatty, or acidic foods, alcohol, chocolate, coffee
- Hiatal hernia
- Pregnancy
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Certain medications
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[Medical Insight @MedicalInsight0]

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):
- Chronic condition where stomach contents flow back (reflux) into the esophagus
- Caused by a relaxation or weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter
#MedX #MedTwitter #MedEd #Surgery

[Medical Insight @MedicalInsight0]

Osmotic demyelination syndrome:
Loss of myelin in the pons or brain due to rapid hyponatremia correction, when serum sodium raised >12 mEq/L/24 hrs or >18 mEq/L/48 hrs. The osmotic shift damages myelin. Can lead to paralysis, dysphagia and high mortality
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Hyponatremia:
-Hyponatremia: Serum sodium level <135 mEq/L
-Indicates excess body water relative to sodium
(1/9)
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(4/4):
Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

-Fluid restriction
-Sodium tablets if needed
-Vaptans not first-line due to risk of volume depletion
-May need gentle diuresis after intravenous infusion to improve CHF
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Infographics for quick revision of Schizophrenia. Consider following our page if you find our content helpful.
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Signs and Symptoms (1/2):
Positive Symptoms:
- Hallucinations.
- Delusions.
- Disorganized Thinking: Impaired thought processes affecting speech and communication.

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(2/2):
- Community Support: Involve family, build a supportive environment.
Public awareness, reduce societal stigma.
- Ongoing Monitoring: Assess medication adherence, side effects.
Adjust treatment based on individual response.
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