The Pale Blue Dot is an iconic photograph of Earth captured by the Voyager 1 space probe in 1990. Taken from a distance of around 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles) as Voyager 1 was departing our solar system, the image portrays Earth as a tiny, pale blue speck in the vastness of space. This image is a powerful reminder of our planet's isolation and fragility in the cosmic expanse, highlighting the need for responsible stewardship of our home. The photograph was a result of astronomer Carl Sagan's suggestion to turn Voyager's camera back towards Earth, offering a profound perspective on our place in the universe.
This is the story of Georgios Papanikolaou and his wife Andromachi (Mary) Mavrogeni Papanikolaou. Born on the Greek island of Euboea in 1883, Georgios received a medical degree in 1904 from the National University of Athens. Upon graduation, he worked in the military as an assistant surgeon and then, after his discharge, went back home to take care of leprosy patients for two years.
Eager to further his education, Georgios attended the University of Munich and received a doctorate degree in zoology in 1910. In the same year, he eloped with Mary, whom he had met while on a ferry boat ride to Athens. Mary was also well-educated, spoke fluent French, and came from a prominent Greek family.
In 1913, Georgios and Mary decided to move to New York, despite knowing no English and only having $250 in their pockets. The couple struggled to survive - Georgios played the violin in restaurants and sold carpets, while Mary worked as a seamstress, sewing buttons for $5 a week. Their fortunes soon changed when Georgios got a job as a researcher at Cornell University. Mary soon joined him as a technician.
In 1928, Georgios discovered a way to detect cancer by taking samples from the cervix and examining them under the microscope. He had confirmed these observations in female guinea pigs but needed a way to verify if his techniques would work on human females. Unable to get access to patients, Mary volunteered for her husband's experiment by having her cervix sampled every day for 21 years and deciding to forgo children. She also threw parties for female friends and convinced them to have their cervixes sampled. Georgios observed the cancer cells for one of her friends who went on to be diagnosed with cervical cancer.
"The first observation of cancer cells in the smear of the uterine cervix gave me one of the greatest thrills I ever experienced during my scientific career," he said.
The couple went on to develop the Pap smear, saving millions of lives through early cervical cancer detection.
Andromache Papanicolaou
Andromache Papanicolaou was a laboratory technician, the wife of the pathologist George Papanicolaou. This scientist was a pioneer in the early detection of cancer and invented what is known as the Papanicolaou test (vaginal cytology). But, in large part, he did it thanks to Andromache; she was not only her helper: every day for 21 years, she volunteered for him to perform a Pap smear in his quest for proof of uterine cancer.
Andromache Papanicolaou continued her husband's work at the Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute after his death in 1962. She died twenty years later, in 1982, at age 92.
Thanks to the generosity of Andromache, who gave up motherhood to collaborate with Pap smears, the pathologist was able to study cellular changes in the vagina and cervix throughout a woman's life, from childbearing age to menopause. The Pap smear has saved many lives. But in the story of this discovery, unfortunately, the essential role of the Andromache Pap smear has been hidden.
Ο διοικητής μου, σε 7 μήνες διόρθωσε παρανομίες 30 ετών, των φυλακών Διαβατών εις βάρος της υπηρεσίας μου. Ο Γ.Γ. αντ/κης πολιτικής (διάδοχος της Νικολάου) τον μεταθέτει για να επιστρέψει το καθεστώς παρανομίας. Ζητώ απ' όλο μου το τιελ να βοηθήσει με ένα rt σ αυτό το τουι.
🇬🇧🎥 Η Black Hole είναι μια βρετανική κινηματογραφική παραγωγή για την ανθρώπινη απληστία....
Η ταινία είναι λιγότερο από 3 λεπτά και το κοινό μένει έκπληκτο από το τέλος της...
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