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[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

It was at this same congress that the song 'Indonesia Raya' was first performed publicly, later to become the national anthem. The Sumpah Pemuda is still recited in Indonesian schools and is considered a foundational moment in the creation of a unified Indonesian identity.

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📚 Do you know the Sumpah Pemuda, or Youth Pledge?

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[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

In it, they vowed one homeland, one nation, and — crucially — one language: Indonesian. This was a deliberate choice, since Indonesian, was nobody's dominant ethnic mother tongue, including the Javanese, the largest group, which made it a unifying rather than divisive choice.

[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

On 28 October 1928, delegates from youth organisations representing many of the archipelago's different ethnic and regional backgrounds gathered in Batavia for the Second Youth Congress and pronounced the Sumpah Pemuda, or Youth Pledge.

[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

This tradition, called wayfinding, was nearly lost in the 20th century until a revival movement led by the voyaging canoe Hōkūle'a in 1976. Today, master navigators still teach the art, and Hōkūle'a has sailed to every inhabited island group in the Pacific.

[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

📚 Do you know the Hawaiian Art of Wayfinding?

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[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

Ancient Polynesian navigators crossed thousands of kilometres of open Pacific Ocean without any instruments — no compass, no map, no GPS. They read the stars, ocean swells, wind patterns, cloud formations, and even the behavior of birds to determine their position and heading.

[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

The neutron proved essential for understanding nuclear physics, including how atomic nuclei could be split apart, a process that would soon lead to the discovery of nuclear fission. Chadwick received the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery.

[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

📚 Do you know about James Chadwick and the Discovery of the Neutron?

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[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

This discovery completed the basic picture of the atom's structure and explained puzzling experimental results involving radiation that couldn't be deflected by electric or magnetic fields.

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In 1932, British physicist James Chadwick identified a third subatomic particle: one with roughly the same mass as a proton, but carrying no electric charge at all, which he named the neutron.

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By the early 1930s, physicists knew atoms contained positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons, but the measured mass of most atomic nuclei was too great to be explained by protons alone.

[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

Alongside The Tale of Genji, written by her contemporary and reported rival Murasaki Shikibu, The Pillow Book remains a foundational text for understanding both classical Japanese prose style and the refined culture of the Heian aristocracy.

[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

📚 Do you know about Sei Shōnagon's The Pillow Book?

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[Wisedge @_Wisedge_]

Rather than following a single narrative, the work offers a vivid, intimate window into the daily rituals, aesthetic sensibilities, and social hierarchies of the aristocratic Heian court, capturing court gossip, seasonal customs, and Shōnagon's own witty, confident personality.

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Known as zuihitsu, or 'following the brush', a loose, associative style of essay writing that moves freely between personal anecdotes, poetry, observations on nature, and sharply opinionated lists, such as her famous catalogues of 'elegant things' and 'annoying things'.

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Composed around the year 1000 by Sei Shōnagon, a court lady serving Empress Teishi during Japan's Heian period, The Pillow Book is one of the earliest and most celebrated examples of a Japanese literary form.

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Napoleon would go on to dominate European politics for another decade, until his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815.

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📚 Do you know about Napoleon's Coronation as Emperor?

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The coronation marked the formal end of the First French Republic, which had been founded after the execution of Louis XVI just over a decade earlier, and the beginning of the First French Empire. The event was immortalised in a monumental painting by Jacques-Louis David.

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In a now-famous gesture that stunned the assembly, Napoleon took the crown from the Pope's hands and placed it on his own head, then crowned his wife, Joséphine, empress himself — a deliberate statement that his power derived from his own achievements rather than from the Church.