The EMPIRE of SULTAN SALAH AL-DIN 1171-1193 & The CRUSADERS' PRINCIPALITIES in Syria and Palestine.
R Roolvink et Historical Atlas of the Muslim Peoples
Gerrhaean (East Arabian) coin with Herakles on the obverse and Shams on the reverse, 230 BCE.
Obverse: Head of Herakles, wearing lion-skin headdress.
Reverse: Shams seated on throne, holding sceptre and eagle
Sabaic: 𐩦𐩣𐩪 = Shams
Greek: ΛΛΕΞΛΝΔΡΟΥ = Of Alexander
`Islamized Berber infantryman, wearing a litham and a haik, accompanied by an Arab veteran in the background.
By C. Giannopoulos, 2012. It illustrates the clothing and cultural shift caused by the conversion to Islam and the Arabization of North Africa in the early Middle Ages.
Winter 717-718, exhausted Umayyad Arab soldiers forage in the snows of Thrace. Taken by surprise, they are attacked by armed Bulgar cavalry.
From Constantinople 717-18 AD by David Nicolle. Plate "The Bitter Winter, 717/18" by Christa Hook.
Spring 716 Arab patrol from the Umayyad army is ambushed by Byzantine akritai in the Taurus Mountains The Arabs, on horse and camel, are caught unaware as Byzantine attack from cover
Constantinople 717-18 AD by David Nicolle. Plate "Ambush of an Arab Patrol, 716" by Christa Hook
I have three friends: a brave
heart, a bare
blade, and a long
bow of yellow wood,
Smooth and taut,
sonorous,
bedecked with jeweled tokens,
secured with a crossbelt,
And when it lets the arrow slip
it twangs,
like a child-bereft mother,
grief-struck, who moans and wails.
— Mu’allaqa of Shánfara
Before the Saadi invasion in the late 16th century, the inhabitants of Wadān (present-day Mauritania) pledged allegiance to the Arab Ma'qili Oudaya tribe, who dominated the desert encompassing the town and extending to the vicinity of the Kingdom of Walāta whose Black Emir was subject to the influence of these Arabs, paying them an annual tribute to avoid their brutality. These Arabs possessed an army of 80k fighters according to the the Spanish historian and chronicler Luis del Mármol Carvajal. The Saadian ruler was preparing to launch an attack with the Bedouin Arabs against the Black Africans and other Saharan peoples.
Le racisme en Afrique est à un niveau diabolique, notamment contre les Peuls, avec des expulsions et des meurtres. Mais là vous ne verrez personne chouiner car les bourreaux ne sont pas clairs de peau