Sources:
“Defender of the Faith” — British Library
https://t.co/YNRqz4CkTC
“The King and Faith” — Royal Household
https://t.co/yTlvBdYqiU
The BL dates Parliament’s restoration of the title to 1543; some references give 1544.
Why is Britain’s monarch “Defender of the Faith” when the title came from a pope?
On this day in 1521, Pope Leo X gave it to Henry VIII for a book attacking Martin Luther. Henry later broke with Rome and lost it; Parliament restored it.
The Pope went. The branding stayed.
Source: “Hair” — Victoria and Albert Museum.
The V&A describes Victorian hair artists turning locks into jewellery and catalogues promising that customers’ hair would not be muddled or substituted.
https://t.co/y2cBjikrio
How did Victorians make grief wearable?
Hair artists turned a loved one’s locks into brooches, rings and bracelets. Catalogues even promised the locks would not be muddled or substituted.
Nothing says devotion like confirmation you’ve received the correct relative.
Source: “The London ‘knocker-up’ — archive, 1914” by Francis Perrot, The Guardian: https://t.co/7qHQNs8atZ
The figures describe one South London knocker-up, not the whole trade.
Would you pay someone to wake you by tapping on your window?
In 1914, a South London knocker-up had 20 clients paying sixpence a week. One slept through ten minutes of the loudest alarm clock, but woke at a single tap. Nothing wakes you up like remembering you’re paying for it! 😂
Sources:
London Museum — The Great Stink of 1858
https://t.co/0kJLiTT6F6
UK Parliament — Commons debate on the state of the Thames, 25 June 1858
https://t.co/1DsjlsaYEZ
How bad did the Thames have to get before Parliament acted?
In 1858, its stench was so dreadful that MPs soaked the Palace of Westminster’s curtains in chloride of lime. Parliament rushed through funding for Joseph Bazalgette’s sewer system.
Public health had finally become a problem MPs could smell.
Sources:
US Naval Observatory — Introduction to Calendars
https://t.co/Q3m5TfFlVa
Library of Congress — Inter Gravissimas
https://t.co/1eMfTu4Zfv
Image: Portrait of Pope Gregory XIII by Lavinia Fontana, before 1585. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
https://t.co/awKCvaxIoI
Ever wished a day had never existed?
In Rome, 5 October 1582 didn’t. To correct drift in the Julian calendar, Pope Gregory XIII ordered Thursday 4 October to be followed by Friday 15 October.
The Vatican’s most successful attempt to make a problem disappear!!!
Source: Historic Royal Palaces, “The Royal Menagerie at the Tower of London”
https://t.co/C37Ofm2RCt
The historical record describes a “white bear”, presumed to have been a polar bear.
Why was a polar bear fishing in the Thames?
In 1252, Norway’s king gave Henry III a white bear, probably a polar bear. Kept at the Tower, it was muzzled and tethered with a stout cord while it hunted for fish.
The king accepted graciously, then delegated the consequences.