When two heavy metal balls collide, their energy is concentrated in a very small area. The temperature can become high enough to burn through paper.
To make the reaction hotter, one ball can be covered with rust, which is iron oxide. The other ball is wrapped in aluminum foil. When the balls collide, the impact can provide enough heat to start a thermite reaction.
In this reaction, aluminum reacts with the iron oxide. It produces aluminum oxide, iron, and a large amount of additional heat. The molten material produced can reach temperatures above 4,500°F (about 2,500°C).
This is an example of an exothermic redox reaction.
During WWI, some British and American warships were painted in wild patterns of contrasting stripes and geometric shapes. Known as “dazzle camouflage,” the designs were not intended to hide the ships at all. Instead, they were meant to confuse German U-boat crews trying to target them.
Submarine crews had to estimate a ship’s distance, speed, and direction before firing a torpedo. The unusual patterns broke up the outline of a vessel, potentially making it harder to tell which way it was moving or even distinguish its bow from its stern.
Thousands of ships received dazzle patterns during the war, with many given their own unique designs. Although historians still debate how effective the technique actually was, it produced some of the most distinctive-looking warships ever sent to sea.
The idea is most closely associated with British artist Norman Wilkinson, who proposed dazzle camouflage in 1917. Rather than making ships less visible, Wilkinson believed confusing a submarine crew's perception could make accurate torpedo targeting more difficult.
#drthehistories
John Tukey the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) inventor, who coined both "bit" and "software" died exactly 26 years ago today.
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), one of the most important algorithms in signal processing and data analysis, was introduced by Tukey & Cooley in 1965.
In 1805, Gauss - studying the orbits of asteroids Pallas and Juno - came up with a method to interpolate their trajectories from discrete samples. What he came up with was mathematically very close to the modern FFT but Gauss never published that work, and didn’t analyze its computational complexity. It predated even Fourier’s 1822 work on heat diffusion - but without the framing or generalization that Cooley & Tukey would bring 160 years later.
In 1965, Cooley & Tukey published their now-famous algorithm that reduced the cost of computing a Discrete Fourier Transform from 𝑂(𝑛²) to 𝑂(𝑛 log𝑛). This leap made real-time signal processing and digital media compression feasible.
From radio telescopes to JPEGs, from audio codecs to quantum mechanics - the FFT is everywhere. It’s one of the most important (and elegant) algorithms of the 20th century - rooted in the genius of Gauss, but brought to life in the computer age.
Brand new baby kangaroo 🦘, smaller than a jelly bean!
It's blind, deaf and has no fur yet. Arms, legs & take are all fused to body…
Over the next 5 to 9 months this baby will fully develop inside its mom's pouch before coming out and hopping around the world...
🎥 animaledventures
A Riemannian metric tensor is the mathematical tool that tells us how to measure distances and angles on curved surfaces and spaces.
In flat space, measuring distance is straightforward. But when space is curved, the rules change from point to point. The Riemannian metric tensor, written as ds² = gᵢⱼ dxⁱ dxʲ, provides the local geometry needed to calculate lengths, angles, areas, and volumes accurately.
This idea became the foundation of modern differential geometry and later helped Einstein describe gravity as the curvature of spacetime itself.
🌊 Meet the ultimate reef badass: The Neon Sea Slug (Nembrotha kubaryana)
No shell.
No armor.
No speed.
And yet… nothing dares to eat it.
Why? This nudibranch is a master of chemical warfare. It hunts toxic sea squirts (ascidians) that other fish won’t touch, steals their powerful toxins, and stores them in its own body. When threatened, it releases a slimy, nasty mucus loaded with those stolen weapons.
Predators take one bite and nope out immediately.
Nature’s version of “I’m not fast, I’m poisonous.” 😎
🎥 naturesdeepsecret
Tensor calculus is the language that lets mathematics work on curved surfaces, spacetime, and complex geometries.
• Tensor
T^(i₁...iₘ)_(j₁...jₙ)
A mathematical object that keeps its meaning even when coordinates change. It generalizes scalars and vectors.
• Metric Tensor
gᵢⱼ = eᵢ · eⱼ
Measures distances and angles in a space. It defines the geometry locally.
• Connection (Christoffel Symbol)
Γᵏᵢⱼ = ½ gᵏˡ (∂ᵢgⱼˡ + ∂ⱼgᵢˡ − ∂ˡgᵢⱼ)
Describes how vectors change as they move through curved space.
• Covariant Derivative
∇ₖTⁱⱼ = ∂ₖTⁱⱼ + ΓⁱₖˡTˡⱼ − ΓˡₖⱼTⁱˡ
Extends differentiation so it remains valid in curved coordinates and curved spaces.
• Einstein Field Equation
Gᵢⱼ = Rᵢⱼ − ½gᵢⱼR = (8πG/c⁴)Tᵢⱼ
Relates the curvature of spacetime to the distribution of matter and energy.
From measuring distances and angles to describing gravity itself, tensor calculus provides the mathematical framework behind differential geometry, general relativity, continuum mechanics, and much of modern physics.