Reg

Character is how you treat those who can do nothing for you. #greatreminder

[Reg @gannea07]

gaya gaya

[Bianca EddybearA Yu | 🐢💛💝 @madgee0921]

@roxsantos DustBia, pero nakakakilig na magkakasama ang mga power loveteams

[Ｗ 𝗜 𝗦 𝗘 𝗖 𝗢 𝗡 𝗡 𝗘 𝗖 𝗧 𝗢 𝗥 ™ 💬 @wiseconnector]

I deserve it

[KNOWLEDGE FEED @Knowledgefeedx]

Top 5 Painkillers

[MedicoNotes @MedicoNotes]

💡 5 ELECTROLYTE EMERGENCIES YOU MUST NEVER MISS

⸻

1️⃣ Hyperkalemia (↑ K⁺)

➊ Clinical Features
• Muscle weakness
• Palpitations
• Life-threatening arrhythmias

➋ ECG Changes
• Peaked T waves
• PR prolongation
• Wide QRS
• Sine-wave pattern (pre-terminal)

➌ Emergency Treatment
• IV Calcium Gluconate → Stabilize myocardium
• Insulin + Dextrose → Shift K⁺ intracellularly
• Salbutamol
• Dialysis if severe

💎 Pearl:
Calcium protects the heart but does NOT lower potassium.

⸻

2️⃣ Hypokalemia (↓ K⁺)

➊ Causes
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loop/Thiazide diuretics
• Insulin excess

➋ ECG Changes
• Flattened T waves
• Prominent U waves

➌ Treatment
• Oral or IV potassium replacement

💎 Pearl:
Refractory hypokalemia? Always check magnesium.

⸻

3️⃣ Severe Hyponatremia (↓ Na⁺)

➊ Clinical Features
• Confusion
• Seizures
• Coma

➋ Causes
• SIADH
• Excess water intake
• Heart failure
• Cirrhosis

➌ Emergency Treatment
• 3% Hypertonic Saline for severe symptoms

⚠️ Critical Pearl:
Correct slowly to avoid Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS).

⸻

4️⃣ Hypercalcemia Crisis (↑ Ca²⁺)

➊ Classic Presentation
🦴 Bones
🪨 Stones
🤢 Groans
🧠 Psychiatric overtones

➋ ECG Changes
• Short QT interval

➌ Treatment
• IV Normal Saline
• Calcitonin
• Bisphosphonates
• Dialysis if severe

💎 Pearl:
The two most common causes are:
• Primary Hyperparathyroidism
• Malignancy

⸻

5️⃣ Hypocalcemia & Hypomagnesemia

➊ Clinical Features
• Tetany
• Seizures
• Perioral numbness
• Chvostek sign
• Trousseau sign

➋ ECG Changes
• Long QT interval
• Torsades de Pointes (low Mg²⁺)

➌ Treatment
• IV Calcium Gluconate
• IV Magnesium Sulfate for torsades

💎 Pearl:
Alcohol misuse + low K⁺ + low Ca²⁺ = Check magnesium immediately.

⸻

⸻

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#Nephrology #Electrolytes #Hyperkalemia #Hyponatremia #usmleprep

[Reg @gannea07]

@doonaaaa_ grade 5 lang :)