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🇩​​🇮​​🇵​​🇹​​🇭​​🇪​​🇷​​🇮​​🇦 ​ 📌 Introduction 📍Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. 📍Primarily affects the respiratory tract but can also cause cutaneous infections. 📍The bacterium produces a potent exotoxin responsible for systemic complications. 📌 Transmission 📍Mode of Transmission: Spread via respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Contact with contaminated objects or skin lesions. 📍Incubation Period: 2–5 days after exposure. 📌 Pathophysiology and clinical features Endotoxin 📍Local effect : cell death and Psudomembrane formation. • Neck swelling ("Bull neck") due to enlarged lymph nodes. • sore throat & Fever 📍 Systemic effect : Myocarditis, Neuropathy (Cranial nerve palsies, limb weakness, or paralysis) and Nephrological manifestation. 📌 Diagnosis 📍 Clinical 📍 Laboratory • Throat swab culture • toxin detection by PCR 📌 Treatment 📍Diphtheria Antitoxin: Neutralizes circulating toxin; critical for treatment. 📍Erythromycin or Penicillin to eradicate the bacteria. 📍Supportive Care: Airway management if respiratory obstruction occurs.Cardiac monitoring for signs of myocarditis. 📌 Prevention 📍Vaccination: Diphtheria toxoid vaccine (DTaP/Tdap) is highly effective.