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The Renaissance Dam's Left Bank is witnessing significant advancements in the turbine installation phase, as evidenced by the most recent visuals. These developments signal continuous progress toward operational readiness with each passing day. Understanding Left vs. Right: When looking at the GERD from downstream (e.g., from Sudan), the left side of the dam is on your right, and vice versa. Dam sides are designated based on the direction of water flow. Turbine Units and Adjustments • Original Plan vs. Current: The GERD initially planned for 16 turbine units. Revisions removed units 1-3 on the right bank, leaving 13 operational units: • Right Bank: Units 4-10 • Left Bank: Units 11-16 • Installation Elevation: Turbines are installed at different elevations: • 559m (two units) • 574m (remaining units) • This optimizes integration with the dam's environment and structure. The Role of Turbines and Generators • Turbines (Runners): Convert the water's kinetic energy into mechanical energy. • Generators: Convert the turbine's mechanical energy into electrical energy (key components: stator and rotor). GERD Early Generation Units ( 9 & 10) : The first two units of the Renaissance Dam • Location: 30 meters above sea level • Capacity: 375 MW • Net Head: 59 meters • Intake Elevation: 559 meters above sea level • Tailrace Elevation: 500 meters above sea level • Advantage: Can generate electricity with a partially filled reservior. GERD Late Generation(Units 1-8 & 11-13): The 11 units of the Renaissance Dam. • Location: 100 meters above sea level • Capacity: 400 MW • Net Head: 74.5 meters • Intake Elevation: 574.5 meters above sea level • Tailrace Elevation: 500 meters above sea level • Requirement: Higher reservoir level to operate Technical Notes • Net Head: The difference between water intake height and exit point (tailrace). A higher net head means greater potential energy for turbines. GERD Penstock Installation: The process of installing the large pipes that deliver water to the hydro turbines of the Renaissance Dam. • Penstocks: Massive pipes channeling water to the turbines • Installation: Precision, cranes, welding, bolting, sealing Additional Specifications Penstock Dimensions: The size of the pipes or canals that deliver water to hydro turbines or sewerage systems. • Left Bank: 8.5 m diameter, 180 m length • Right Bank: 9 m diameter, 180 m length Spillway Gates: The adjustable gates that control the water flow of rivers, reservoirs, and dams. • Left Bank: Six radial gates (15 m wide, 20.5 m high) • Right Bank: Five radial gates (15 m wide, 20.5 m high) GERD Reservoir: The water storage behind the Renaissance Dam, a large hydropower project on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia • Volume: 74 billion m3 • Surface Area: 1,874 km2 • Maximum Depth: 155 m

By Asrat Birhanu ሶስተኛው የህዳሴ ግድብ ሙሌት Augest 14, 2022 ተጠናቀቀ። አራተኛው የህዳሴ ግድብ ሙሌት Augest 28, 2023 ይጠናቀቃል። Title: The Renaissance Dam's Journey Towards Its Fourth Filling and the Engineering Marvel Behind Its Turbines Note 1: I performed the calculations in the month of June, and the results have accurately aligned with the actual water levels at the Renaissance Dam's lake. Specifically, the calculated water levels at 607m, 611m, and 615m were accurately reflected on the dates of July 30, 2023, August 7, 2023, and August 18, 2023, respectively. Note 2: The figures provided in this calculation correspond to the estimated amount of rainfall up to the present date. Should the rainfall in the Blue Nile basin differ or change, it would subsequently alter the accuracy of the projected filing date for the Renaissance Dam. Note 3: As of August 13, as evidenced by my Twitter post, neither Ethiopian nor Egyptian scholars have asserted that the fourth filling of the Renaissance Dam will be completed prior to September. If there is an exception to this observation, I invite you to provide a snapshot or evidence of such a claim. The prevailing consensus among experts seems to point toward a completion date in mid-September or even the last week of September rather than earlier. Note 4: This work is not related to the Ethiopian government, and the government may have different methods and results. Note 5: This is my unique result, and the numbers cannot exactly match someone else's calculations. 1. Introduction to the Turbines The Renaissance Dam's heart is a spectacle—a powerhouse equipped with 13 turbines. Distributed across two powerhouses on either side of the dam, these turbines consist of 11 units of 400 MW Francis turbines and 2 units of 375 MW Francis turbines. As of now, two turbines, Unit 10 and Unit 9, are already operational, generating an impressive 750 MW of electricity daily. By the end of 2023, two more turbines will join the operational ranks, increasing the dam's capacity factor to 28.6% and resulting in an annual electricity output of 15.76 TWh. This innovation and power harmonize, reflecting Ethiopia's ambition for sustainable energy. Turbine Details 11 units of 400 MW Francis turbines: Total power from these turbines would be 11 × 400 MW = 4400 MW. 2 units of 375 MW Francis turbines: Total power from these turbines would be 2 × 375 MW = 750 MW. Total installed capacity: 4400 MW + 750 MW = 5150 MW. Discharge Rates and Calculations We can use the general formula for the Francis turbine discharge rate to calculate the discharge rate for each operational turbine: Q = P / (ρ * g * h * η_P) Assuming: P = 750 × 10^6 W (for two operational turbines), ρ = 1000 kg/m^3 (density of water), g = 9.81 m/s^2 (gravitational acceleration), h (head) is specific to the dam and would need to be provided, η_P (turbine's efficiency) is specific to the turbine design and would need to be provided. By substituting these values into the equation, we can calculate the discharge rate Q in cubic meters per second (m³/s) and then convert it to MCM/day. Assuming standard values, the estimated discharge rate for each operational turbine is around 323 m³/s, totaling 646 m³/s. Converting this to MCM/day, the estimated rate for each turbine is 27.9 MCM/day, with a combined rate of 55.8 MCM/day. Over a 30-day month, the dam's two operational turbines would discharge about 837 MCM. 3. Full Capacity and Overflow Analysis The dam's discharge system is an engineering marvel, with both bottom outlets and operational turbines. The capacity details are as follows: • Single Outlet, Full Capacity: 75 MCM/day, or 0.075 BCM/day • Double Turbines, Full Capacity: 55.8 MCM/day, or 0.0558 BCM/day • Total Discharge per Day: 130.8 MCM/day, or 0.1308 BCM/day Key assumptions include: • Middle ramp stalled at a height of 620 meters, representing 42.03 BCM • Overflow occurs when the water level exceeds 620 meters (42.03 BCM) • Inflow rates exceed the total discharge capacity Detailed Calculations are performed to analyze the daily overflow, considering an excess inflow of 0.1 BCM/day. The results demonstrate a continuous, uncontrolled overflow beginning on August 29, 2023, growing daily due to the middle ramp's height constraint and the dam's limited discharge capacity. The overflow amounts for the last three days of August are calculated as 0.9692 BCM, 1.9384 BCM, and 2.9076 BCM, respectively. 4. Water Level Projections and Conclusion The dam's journey toward its fourth filling is a complex interplay of engineering marvels, natural inflows, and meticulous management. As of July 30, 2023, the dam's storage was at 27.3 BCM, and it is projected to reach 42.03 BCM by August 28, 2023. Water levels for the first three weeks of August are estimated at various heights, leading to the possibility of water overflowing on the dam's middle ramp. Recent updates to the calculations, considering anticipated higher rainfall in the last week of August, lead to a new prediction that the fourth filling would be completed after August 28, 2023. If it is continuous, uncontrolled overflow if the level surpasses 620 meters. Discharge Rates and Calculations Parameter Value Single Turbine Discharge Rate 27.9 MCM/day Combined Turbines Discharge Rate 55.8 MCM/day Monthly Turbines Discharge Rate 837 MCM Full Capacity and Overflow Analysis The dam's discharge system is an engineering marvel, with both bottom outlets and operational turbines. Single Outlet, Full Capacity: 75 MCM/day or 0.075 BCM/day Double Turbines, Full Capacity: 55.8 MCM/day or 0.0558 BCM/day Total Discharge per Day:130.8 MCM/day or 0.1308 BCM/day Overflow Analysis: DateTotal VolumeOverflow Remarks August 28, 2023, 42.03 0.0 Starting level, no overflow August 29, 2023, 42.9992 0.9692 Overflow begins August 30, 2023, 43.9684 1.9384 Overflow continues August 31, 2023, 44.9376 2.9076 Overflow continues Overflow Calculations Based on the net storage calculations for starting from June 30, 2023, and the excess inflow and discharge rates for August, the following overflow events are predicted: First column: Water Level (m) Second column: Incremental Volume (bcm) Third column: Total Volume (bcm) Fourth column:Estimated Date 6000 21.5 6010.8 22.3 6021.6 23.1 6032.4 23.9 6043.2 24.7 6044 25,5 6064.9 26.4 6075.8 27.3 July 30, 2023 6086.7 28.2 August 1, 2023 6097.81 29.31August 3, 2023 6108.92 30.42August 5, 2023 61110.0331.53August 7, 2023 61211.1432.64August 11, 2023 61312.2533.75August 13, 2023 61413.3634.86August 15, 2023 61514.4735.97August 18, 2023 61615.5837.08August 20, 2023 61716.6938.19August 22, 2023 61817.9739.47August 25, 2023 61919.2540.75August 27, 2023 62020.5342.03August 28, 2023 62121.8143.31September 1, 2023 62223.0944.59 62324.3745.87 62425.6547.15 62526.9348.43