A lot of people reading this might think this is a rare, freak occurrence. But any seasoned doctor on my timeline can definitely vouch for this....we see NSAID-induced kidney injuries on a regular basis.
Anyway, hope you are liking this new format! I realized that just presenting a clinical case isn't enough. If I can pack all the relevant information needed: the underlying science, risk factors, and warning signs etc, it becomes way more useful.
FOLLOW ME for more clinical breakdowns!
🧠 FOR RESIDENTS | HOUSE OFFICERS | CONSULTANTS
(STROKE LOCALIZATION MADE SIMPLE)
When a stroke patient arrives, don’t start with scans first.
👉 First question at bedside: Which vascular territory is involved?
This single step predicts the full neurological deficit.
1️⃣ Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Stroke
📍 Most common stroke territory
Contralateral face & arm weakness > leg
Contralateral sensory loss
Dominant hemisphere → Aphasia
Broca: non-fluent speech
Wernicke: fluent but meaningless speech
Non-dominant hemisphere → Hemispatial neglect
💡 Key clue: Face + arm > leg = MCA
2️⃣ Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) Stroke
Contralateral leg weakness > face/arm
Sensory loss (leg predominant)
Frontal lobe features:
Personality change
Urinary incontinence
💡 Key clue: Leg > face/arm = ACA
3️⃣ Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) Stroke
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
No motor weakness
Memory impairment (hippocampus)
💡 Key clue: Isolated visual field defect = PCA
4️⃣ Basilar Artery Stroke
⚠️ Neurological emergency
Locked-in syndrome
Conscious but quadriplegic
Vertical eye movements preserved only
Bilateral motor deficits ± cranial nerve palsies
💡 Key clue: Locked-in = basilar until proven otherwise
5️⃣ Lacunar Strokes (Small vessel disease)
Seen in HTN & diabetes
Deep brain involvement:
Pure motor hemiparesis (internal capsule)
Pure sensory stroke (thalamus)
Ataxic hemiparesis (pons)
Dysarthria–clumsy hand syndrome
❗ No cortical signs:
No aphasia
No neglect
No visual field defects
💡 Key clue: Pure motor OR pure sensory = lacunar
🔑 ONE-LINE PATTERN RECOGNITION:
Face/arm > leg → MCA
Leg > face/arm → ACA
Visual field cut only → PCA
Locked-in → Basilar
Pure motor/sensory → Lacunar
🧠 If you can localize, you can diagnose before imaging.
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Why can't you use direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with mechanical valves (MVs)?
DOACs have been one of the most important advances in my career. And yet, the presence of a MV is one of the few contraindications.
The reason highlights the unique nature of thrombus formation in those with a MV and provides insights into the evolution of human hemostasis.