One of the greatest weather and climate wonders on Earth is the Indian Summer Monsoon.
Has the Indian Summer Monsoon ever truly collapsed?
Surprisingly, the answer is no.
Despite severe droughts, powerful El Niño events, and more than a century of climate variability, the all-India summer monsoon rainfall (June–September) has never fallen below about 75% of its long-term average since records began in 1901.
Even the driest monsoon seasons remained above this level:
📉 1972: 76.1% of normal
📉 2009: 77.0% of normal
📉 2002: 81.0% of normal
So why is the Indian monsoon so resilient?
Because it is not governed by a single weather system. Instead, it is a vast, continent-scale atmospheric circulation driven by the thermal contrast between the rapidly warming Asian landmass and the surrounding Indian Ocean. This thermal gradient continuously draws enormous amounts of moisture from the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the equatorial Indian Ocean toward the Indian subcontinent.
India's rainfall is further sustained by multiple interacting weather systems, including the low-level jet, monsoon depressions and low-pressure systems, middle-tropospheric cyclones, offshore vortices, and orographic lifting along the Western Ghats and the Himalaya. These mechanisms rarely weaken simultaneously. When one becomes less active, another often compensates, allowing rainfall to continue over different parts of the country.
Equally important is India's remarkable geographical diversity. While one region may experience severe rainfall deficits, another may receive exceptionally heavy rainfall. This spatial redistribution of rainfall helps stabilize the all-India seasonal total, even though individual states can experience devastating droughts or floods.
This does not mean the monsoon cannot fail regionally. It certainly can, with profound impacts on agriculture, water resources, ecosystems, and livelihoods. Rather, it highlights the extraordinary resilience of the Indian Summer Monsoon when viewed at the scale of the entire nation.
More than 125 years of observations tell a remarkable story: the Indian monsoon weakens, fluctuates, and reorganizes, but at the all-India scale, it has never truly collapsed.
Liverpool FC can confirm Arne Slot is to depart his role as head coach with immediate effect and that the process to appoint a successor is under way.
He leaves with a Premier League title to his name and our deepest gratitude and appreciation.
I have witnessed this club go from doubters to believers, and from believers to champions. It took hard work and I always did everything I could to help the club get there. Nothing makes me prouder than that.
Us crumbling to yet another defeat this season was very painful and not what our fans deserve. I want to see Liverpool go back to being the heavy metal attacking team that opponents fear and back to being a team that wins trophies. That is the football I know how to play and that is the identity that needs to be recovered and kept for good. It cannot be negotiable and everyone that joins this club should adapt to it.
Winning some games here and there is not what Liverpool should be about. All teams win games.
Liverpool will always be a club that means a great deal to me and to my family. I want to see it succeed for long after I have moved on.
As I’ve always said, qualifying to next season’s Champions League is the bare minimum and I will do everything I can to make that happen.
The death of Brad Arnold has saddened me immensely. I reminiscence listening to him a lot in my early teen years. Thanks for the memory and songs like Here without you, Changes, Away from the sun, Kryptonite and lastly When I am gone. #3DoorsDown
यो विद्रोहमा यहाँको जीत भइसकेको छ। परिवर्तनको यो लडाइँमा अब सबैजनाले संयमता अपनाई नयाँ नेपालको सिर्जनामा सहयोग गर्नु हुन अनुरोध |
यो रिसलाई अब देश बनाउने सोच, विचार अनि योजनामा बदल्नुपर्छ । हामी अघिल्लो पुस्ताभन्दा फरक छौँ भनेर प्रमाणित गर्ने, योभन्दा सही समय अरू हुँदैन ।
बिन्ती संयमित भईदिनू अनुरोध। l
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Masterpieces with hidden details 🧵
1. Michelangelo's "Creation of Adam" may hide a secret: the section where God is placed resembles an anatomically accurate brain