Mesopotamia was never the cradle of civilisation. India was.
I spent forty years in international shipping, not academia. When I began researching the history of maritime trade, I had no orthodoxy to defend. I followed the evidence, and it kept arriving in the same place: the Indian subcontinent.
Nineteenth century archaeologists dug in Mesopotamia because the climate preserved artefacts, the biblical sources pointed them there, and the Ottomans allowed the excavations. That is the entire basis for the myth of Mesopotamia as "the cradle of civilisation."
Nobody applied the same rigour to India. Mohenjo-daro was not discovered until 1922. By then the narrative had already hardened.
What was actually there was the largest civilisation of the ancient world. Three hundred cities. Fifty thousand people in each, by 2600 BC. Two thirds of them stood on the banks of the Sarasvati, the central and greatest of the seven rivers described in the Rig Veda, flowing down from the Himalayas before the river vanished entirely by 1900 BC. The Vedic kings claimed territory stretching "sea to sea," from Afghanistan to Maharashtra, some 1.5 million square miles, against Egypt's 13,000. A dock at Lothal built to handle thirty ships of sixty tons, unmatched in Europe for four thousand years. When it was first excavated, it was recorded as a bathing pool.
When the scale became impossible to dismiss, the theory was not corrected. It was replaced with a story of pale-skinned nomads from the steppe who supposedly arrived around 1500 BC and brought civilisation with them. There is no evidence. The chronology doesn't work. The Vedas describe no invasion.
In 2019 a Harvard-led genetic study revived the claim, and the press reported it as confirmation. It was not. The same study found the builders of these cities were indigenous. The Sarasvati river that the Rig Veda described had already dried up before these newcomers arrived. What the study also found is that a small group of men, arriving after the Sarasvati had already dried up, interbred with the existing population and left a genetic signature. That is all.
So, where they chose to dig was mostly an accident of climate and access. The Aryan invasion theory was constructed because an Indian civilisation that owed nothing to Caucasians was a fact the late nineteenth century could not accommodate.
Link to full Substack essay with sources in the comments below.
ORBIT ACHIEVED. 🚀
Vikram-1 Test Flight-1 has reached orbit. India's first privately developed orbital rocket has completed its final burn and injected its payloads into a ~450 km orbit, making India the third country in the world with private orbital launch capability.
History is made. 🇮🇳
#Vikram1 #JourneyToOrbit #SkyrootAerospace
I taught JEE physics for years. That paper breaks strong kids in three hours.
This exam is five hours of theory and five hours of lab work, and these five did close to perfect scores on it.
Let me tell you what actually happened.
The International Physics Olympiad is the world championship of school physics. It was the 56th edition. Held in Bucaramanga, Colombia, from July 5 to 12.
381 students. More than 85 countries. Every one of them the best physics student their country could find.
India sent five kids.
All five came back with gold.
Their names are Kanishk Jain from Pune. Riddhesh Anant Bendale from Indore. Rishit Garg from Dwarka in Delhi. Shresth Suraiya from Mumbai. Svarit Joshi from Ahmedabad.
We know a hundred cricketers by their nickname and not one of these boys. :)
That clean sweep put India at joint World Number One. Tied with China, Russia, Kazakhstan, South Korea and Taiwan.
Those are countries that pour serious money and national pride into science education. We are standing level with them.
Now here is what the exam actually was.
Two papers. Each five hours long.
The theory paper had three problems. One on the thermodynamics of paramagnetic cooling. One on the photoionisation of ozone. One on the dynamics of electron positron pairs.
The experimental paper was another five hours in a lab, working through heat transfer and thermodynamic processes in fluids.
That means you get given equipment you have never seen, and you have to design your own experiment, take your own readings, handle the errors, and reach a real answer.
Not multiple choice. No shortcuts. No pattern recognition. You either understand physics or you sit there for five hours.
HBCSE says the Indian students were near perfect on theory and excellent on the practical too.
Now, this was India's 27th appearance at the IPhO.
Across all those years, about 44 percent of Indian students have won gold, 41 percent silver, 10 percent bronze.
In the last ten years, every single Indian student has come home with a medal. 62 percent gold, 38 percent silver.
Not one kid has gone and come back empty handed in a decade.
Five golds in one year has happened only twice. This year, and in 2018.
So who built this.
The programme is run by HBCSE, the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education. It sits under TIFR, which sits under the Department of Atomic Energy.
They run the whole funnel. A national exam, then a national olympiad, then a brutal selection and training camp, and out of everyone in the country, five kids get on a plane.
The team was led by Professor Anwesh Mazumdar of HBCSE-TIFR and Dr Leena Joshi from St Xavier's College, Mumbai.
The scientific observers were Professor Ananda Dasgupta from IISER Kolkata and Nisha Kelkar from Gogate-Joglekar College in Ratnagiri.
Yes. Ratnagiri. A college in a small coastal town in Maharashtra.
This is public education doing something the private coaching industry could never do on its own.
The coaching industry is very good at one thing. Teaching you to solve a known problem fast.
That is what JEE and NEET reward, and I say that with love because I was part of that world.
But an olympiad paper does not have a known type. There is no shortcut chapter. There is no formula sheet that saves you. You have to sit with a problem you have never seen and think.
That is a completely different muscle. And a government funded centre has been quietly building it in Indian teenagers for 27 years.
So yes, be proud. Loudly.
HBCSE also shared that around 64 percent of India's olympiad medallists go on to do a PhD.
But only about 32 percent of medallists end up settling in India.
I do not say that to spoil the moment. These kids owe the country nothing. They earned every option they have.
But it should tell us something. We are excellent at finding this talent. We are excellent at training it. We are still not great at giving it somewhere worth staying.
Congratulations Kanishk, Riddhesh, Rishit, Shresth and Svarit. This is one of the best things an Indian did this year and most of the country will never hear about it.
Tukaram Mundhe is doing an excellent job in protecting the health of the people of Maharashtra. His strict enforcement sends a clear message that food safety cannot be compromised.
At a time when Maharashtra is making headlines for corruption, crime, and administrative failures, Tukaram Mundhe stands out as one of the few officers consistently delivering positive news through effective governance.
Other states should adopt similarly strict enforcement to ensure food safety.
The opposition spent years doing nothing but symbolic stone layings, leaving Marwar in the dust. Today, PM @narendramodi Ji delivers a ₹79,000+ Crore "state of the art" BS-VI refinery creating nearly 90k jobs. Cry all you want but you can't hide the scale of this development.🙏
NO MEDIA COVERED THIS… 💔🥲
THIS IS LALCHAND, WHO SOLD HIS WIFE’S JEWELRY TO BUILD A BAMBOO BRIDGE IN HIS VILLAGE SO THAT CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY COULD EASILY CROSS THE RIVER.
BUT SADLY, NO ONE IS MAKING HIM FAMOUS. 💔😔
This pic in last few days has become viral and bizarre comments are being given.
The young officer went little overboard but that doesn’t mean that there was security breach. Very often Know Your Army events are organised for public and everyone clicks pics with weapons and equipment. This serves as motivation for children.
This pic in fact is a good motivational poster for Army recruitment