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šØ Why Iran Stands Alone Against Israel and the U.S. While Other Muslim States Align with Washington
Before 1979, Iran under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was actually a close U.S. ally and had quiet relations with Israel.
Everything changed after the Islamic Revolution led by Ruhollah Khomeini.
The new regime defined itself on three pillars:
ā¢Opposition to Western domination
ā¢Rejection of Israelās legitimacy
ā¢Governance based on Shia Islamic political theology
So hostility toward the U.S. and Israel became part of the state identity, not just foreign policy.
ā Religious Identity:-
Iran is the largest Shia Muslim-majority nation in the Middle East, whereas most Arab countries are predominantly Sunni Muslim.
The SunniāShia split began in 632 CE after Prophet Muhammadās death ā it was originally about who should lead the Muslim community.
ā¢Sunnis believed leadership should go to the most capable companion (Abu Bakr).
ā¢Shias believed leadership belonged to the Prophetās family, specifically Ali.
Over centuries, this political disagreement became theological.
Today:
ā¢~85ā90% of Muslims globally are Sunni
ā¢~10ā15% are Shia
ā¢Iran is ~90ā95% Shia
ā¢Most Arab states (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, etc.) are Sunni-majority
ā What Makes Shia Political Thought Different?
Shia Islam has a concept absent in Sunni theology:
š The Hidden Imam
Twelver Shias believe the 12th Imam disappeared and will return as Mahdi.
This created a political problem:
Who rules in the absence of the Imam?
For centuries, Shia scholars avoided direct political rule ā they guided society morally but did not govern.
That changed in 1979.
ā Velayat-e Faqih ā The Radical Shift
After the revolution, Ruhollah Khomeini introduced the doctrine of:
Velayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist)
His argument:
Since the Imam is absent, a senior Shia jurist must govern to ensure Islamic justice.
This created:
ā¢A Supreme Leader
ā¢Clerical oversight over elected institutions
ā¢A state built explicitly on Shia jurisprudence
This model is unique in the Muslim world.
No Sunni-majority state has an equivalent clerical supremacy system.
ā Why This Creates Regional Tension
Now we move from theology to geopolitics.
Because Iranās state is built on Shia political theology:
ā¢It sees itself as protector of Shia communities
ā¢It supports Shia movements in Iraq, Lebanon, Yemen
ā¢It frames politics as resistance against injustice and āoppressionā
Sunni monarchies ā especially Saudi Arabia ā see this as:
ā¢A challenge to their legitimacy
ā¢A threat to Sunni dominance
ā¢A potential source of internal unrest (since they have Shia minorities)
So what looks like āsectarian conflictā is actually:
Religious identity + political legitimacy + power competition
ā Persian vs Arab Identity Layer
Thereās also a civilizational factor.
Iran is:
ā¢Persian (non-Arab)
ā¢Has its own language (Farsi)
ā¢Has imperial history older than Islam
Most Middle Eastern states are Arab.
So Iran is different in:
ā¢Ethnicity
ā¢Language
ā¢Historical memory
ā¢Religious orientation
This compounds the sense of separateness.
ā Why Most Muslim States Donāt Confront the U.S.
This is not mainly about religion ā itās about regime survival.
šøš¦ Saudi Arabia
ā¢Sunni monarchy
ā¢Security partnership with U.S.
ā¢Oilāsecurity bargain since 1945
ā¢Prioritizes regime stability over ideological confrontation
šÆš“ Jordan
ā¢Small, resource-poor state
ā¢Depends heavily on U.S. aid
ā¢Seeks stability
šŖš¬ Egypt
ā¢After Camp David (1978), aligned strategically with U.S.
ā¢Receives significant military aid
These states are not necessarily ideologically pro-Israel ā
they are strategically aligned with Washington for survival and economic stability.
Iran also competes with Sunni powers for regional leadership.
For example:
ā¢Saudi Arabia sees itself as leader of Sunni Islam.
ā¢Iran positions itself as leader of āresistance.ā