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8 RAG architectures for AI Engineers:
(explained with usage)
1) Naive RAG
- Retrieves documents purely based on vector similarity between the query embedding and stored embeddings.
- Works best for simple, fact-based queries where direct semantic matching suffices.
2) Multimodal RAG
- Handles multiple data types (text, images, audio, etc.) by embedding and retrieving across modalities.
- Ideal for cross-modal retrieval tasks like answering a text query with both text and image context.
3) HyDE (Hypothetical Document Embeddings)
- Queries are not semantically similar to documents.
- This technique generates a hypothetical answer document from the query before retrieval.
- Uses this generated document’s embedding to find more relevant real documents.
4) Corrective RAG
- Validates retrieved results by comparing them against trusted sources (e.g., web search).
- Ensures up-to-date and accurate information, filtering or correcting retrieved content before passing to the LLM.
5) Graph RAG
- Converts retrieved content into a knowledge graph to capture relationships and entities.
- Enhances reasoning by providing structured context alongside raw text to the LLM.
6) Hybrid RAG
- Combines dense vector retrieval with graph-based retrieval in a single pipeline.
- Useful when the task requires both unstructured text and structured relational data for richer answers.
7) Adaptive RAG
- Dynamically decides if a query requires a simple direct retrieval or a multi-step reasoning chain.
- Breaks complex queries into smaller sub-queries for better coverage and accuracy.
8) Agentic RAG
- Uses AI agents with planning, reasoning (ReAct, CoT), and memory to orchestrate retrieval from multiple sources.
- Best suited for complex workflows that require tool use, external APIs, or combining multiple RAG techniques.
👉 Over to you: Which RAG architecture do you use the most?
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Access Token vs Refresh Token - The Complete Guide
Why Use Refresh Tokens? Refresh tokens solve a critical security problem: keeping users logged in without exposing long-lived credentials. Instead of sending long-lived access tokens with every API request (risky!), we use short-lived access tokens for API calls and refresh tokens (stored securely) to get new access tokens when needed. This minimizes damage if tokens are compromised.
Access Tokens:
- Short-lived (15-30 mins typical)
- Contains user permissions & scope
- Sent with every API request
- Bearer token in Authorization header
- Revoked on logout/password change
Refresh Tokens:
- Long-lived (7-30 days)
- Stored securely on client-side
- Only used to get new access tokens
- Sent to token refresh endpoint
- Can be revoked server-side
Flow:
- User logs in → Get both tokens
- Access token expires → Use refresh token
- Get new access token → Continue API calls
- Refresh token expires → Re-login required
Security Tips:
• Store refresh tokens in httpOnly cookies
• Use rotating refresh tokens
• Implement token revocation
• Set proper expiration times
• Monitor for suspicious activity