In 1966, in a village near Xianyang (咸阳) on northwest China's Shaanxi Province, a farmer digging an irrigation canal nearby the mausoleum of Emperor Yuan of Han (汉元帝) struck a lump of charred red earth. When it was washed clean, several jade objects emerged. Among them was a breathtaking piece, a jade bear, 8 centimeters long and 4.8 centimeters tall.
Archaeologists believe this jade bear was likely one of Emperor Yuan's most treasured possessions, once displayed in the main hall of his mausoleum complex, in keeping with the ancient Chinese belief of "serving the dead as if they were still alive." When the Han dynasty collapsed, the site was engulfed in flames and reduced to ruins. Buried beneath the debris, these jade artifacts escaped looting, remaining hidden and untouched for nearly two thousand years.
Emperor Yuan ruled China from 48 BC to 33 BC. His life story is so extraordinary that, if brought to the screen, it would seem almost beyond belief.
He was born as a commoner, but at the age of two, his fate was completely transformed. His father suddenly became emperor.
Before that moment, their family had nearly been erased from history.
His father was the great grandson of Emperor Wu of Han (汉武帝), the powerful ruler who defeated the Xiongnu and opened up the Silk Road, reigning China for 54 years. In his later years, however, Emperor Wu grew deeply suspicious. Manipulated by treacherous ministers, he turned against his own son, the crown prince. The prince, overwhelmed with despair, took his own life. The prince's son and daughter-in-law were also killed by conspirators.
At that time, the crown prince's grandson, Emperor Yuan's father, had just been born. Though spared execution, he was thrown into prison. A compassionate jail official secretly arranged for female prisoners to nurse him. In that dark cell, an imperial bloodline survived not in a palace, but among the condemned.
At the age of four, he nearly faced execution, but was protected once again. Like many figures at the edge of legend, this life began not in glory, but in near extinction.
After a general amnesty, the little boy was released and spent much of his youth living among common people. He received a good education and came to understand both the warmth and hardship of ordinary life. When Emperor Yuan's father turned fifteen, a senior official once considered marrying him his daughter to, but, warned by his brother that the young man's background was politically sensitive, gave up the idea. Instead, the official introduced him to the daughter of a commoner, who became his wife.
Then, in 74 BC, when his father was just 17 years old, everything changed.
Emperor Wu of Han passed the throne passed to his youngest son. In 74 BC, that young emperor, only twenty years old, died suddenly. Real power lay in the hands of the regent general Huo Guang (霍光), who installed another imperial grandson, Liu He (刘贺), as emperor.
According to the Book of Han, Liu He committed 1,127 acts of misconduct in just 27 days, an almost unbelievable average of 41 per day. Some historians suggest this account was too exaggerated to be true, perhaps because he resisted Huo Guang's control. Whatever the truth, Liu He was swiftly deposed and sent back to his fief.
And so, almost by accident, Emperor Yuan's father won the lottery and ascended the throne.
Yet Emperor Yuan's life was far from fortunate. His father, lacking any real power base, was expected to be little more than a puppet of the Huo clan. And his father indeed obeyed them in nearly everything, except one crucial demand: refusing to marry Huo Guang's daughter.
The refusal was both subtle and deeply romantic.
His father issued an imperial decree, declaring that in his humbler days he had lost a treasured sword somewhere among the public, and wished to recover it. The meaning was clear: he was searching for the woman he had married before rising to power, a commoner. Emperor Yuan's mother was brought into the palace and made empress.
This act earned enormous hatred of Huo Guang's wife. Two years later, she bribed a court physician to poison the empress. And Huo Guang's daughter finally got married to the emperor and installed as the empress.
At just four years old, Emperor Yuan of Han lost his mom.
Three years later, Huo Guang died. The long-suppressed emperor finally moved against the Huo clan, dismantling their power. As he consolidated control, he began to reveal remarkable political skill, emerging as one of the most capable rulers of the mid–Western Han dynasty.
Another story of Emperor Yuan of Han is tied to one of the most celebrated beauties in Chinese history.
During the reigns of his father, the Xiongnu (Hun) chanyu, the ruler of the steppe confederation, came to the Han capital, expressing submission and a desire for peace. In return, Emperor Yuan supported him in defeating his rival and unifying the Xiongnu. In early 33 BC, the chanyu arrived once more, proposing a marriage alliance with the Han court.
Among the palace women was a lady named Wang Zhaojun (王昭君). She had spent five years in the palace without ever being summoned by the emperor. When the opportunity came, she chose to leave-volunteering to marry the chanyu, in the hope of forging a deeper bond between the two peoples.
Emperor Yuan agreed.
But when he finally saw her, he was stunned-she was extraordinarily beautiful. Regret came instantly. Yet by then, the decision could not be retracted.
It was later discovered why she had been overlooked. Before being presented to the emperor, palace women were first painted by a court artist. The artist often used his position to extort bribes; those who paid were portrayed more favorably. Wang Zhaojun refused. As a result, she was deliberately painted as plain, if not ugly, and never drew the emperor's attention.
Enraged, Emperor Yuan ordered the painter's execution.
Despite everything, Wang Zhaojun's journey north became something far greater than a personal tragedy. In the steppe lands, she was deeply loved by the chanyu and respected by his people, honored as queen.
For decades afterward, no wars broke out between the Han and the Xiongnu.
And somewhere beneath the earth, a small jade bear lay silent for two thousand years. It witnessed more than the rise and fall of a single emperor.
It bore quiet witness to an age of power and intrigue, of love and loss, and of a hard-won peace at the edge of an empire.
My example for an activity I did with my students. I told them to cut out shapes (I was mostly thinking about flowers) and arrange them to make etchings with graphite sticks. I used the negative space from the shapes to make this one