Linux File System Hierarchy
1. Overview
โ The Linux File System Hierarchy defines how files and directories are structured in Linux.
โ Everything in Linux is represented as a file โ including devices and processes.
โ The top of the hierarchy is the root directory /, from which all other directories branch out.
2. Root Directory /
โ The root directory is the starting point of the entire file system.
โ Contains all essential system files and directories.
โ Every file or directory path begins from /.
3. Key Directories Explained
โ /bin
โ Contains essential binary executables (programs) needed for basic operations.
โ Used by all users and available even in single-user mode.
โ Examples: ls, cp, mv, cat, bash.
โ /sbin
โ Similar to /bin but holds system binaries used for administrative tasks.
โ Mostly for the root user.
โ Examples: fdisk, ifconfig, reboot, shutdown.
โ /boot
โ Contains boot-related files needed to start the system.
โ Stores the Linux kernel, initramfs, and bootloader (GRUB) configurations.
โ Example files: vmlinuz, grub/grub.cfg.
โ /dev
โ Stands for devices.
โ Contains device files representing hardware components like disks, terminals, and USBs.
โ Examples: /dev/sda, /dev/tty, /dev/null.
โ /etc
โ Contains system-wide configuration files and startup scripts.
โ Examples: /etc/passwd, /etc/fstab, /etc/hostname, /etc/ssh/sshd_config.
โ /home
โ Contains user home directories.
โ Each user has a separate folder under /home.
โ Example: /home/dhanian.
โ /lib
โ Holds shared libraries and kernel modules needed by programs in /bin and /sbin.
โ Similar to dynamic link libraries (DLLs) in Windows.
โ Example: /lib/modules, /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu.
โ /media
โ Used for removable media like USB drives, CDs, or external storage.
โ Automatically mounts devices when inserted.
โ Example: /media/usb.
โ /mnt
โ Traditionally used for temporarily mounting filesystems.
โ Useful for manual mounts during maintenance.
โ Example: mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt.
โ /opt
โ Stands for optional software.
โ Used for installing third-party applications outside the system package manager.
โ Example: /opt/google/chrome.
โ /proc
โ A virtual filesystem providing kernel and process information.
โ Does not store real files but dynamic runtime data.
โ Examples: /proc/cpuinfo, /proc/meminfo, /proc/<pid>.
โ /root
โ The home directory of the root user.
โ Separate from /home for security reasons.
โ Path: /root.
โ /run
โ Contains runtime data like process IDs and socket files.
โ Cleared on every reboot.
โ Example: /run/systemd.
โ /srv
โ Stands for service data.
โ Stores files for services like web or FTP servers.
โ Example: /srv/www.
โ /sys
โ Virtual filesystem for kernel and hardware information.
โ Used for managing devices and kernel modules.
โ Example: /sys/class/net.
โ /tmp
โ Used for temporary files created by users and applications.
โ Automatically cleared on reboot.
โ Example: /tmp/install.log.
โ /usr
โ Stands for Unix System Resources.
โ Contains user programs, documentation, and libraries.
โ Subdirectories include:
โโ /usr/bin โ user commands
โโ /usr/lib โ libraries
โโ /usr/share โ documentation and data
โโ /usr/local โ locally installed software
โ /var
โ Stands for variable data that changes frequently.
โ Stores logs, caches, mail, and spool files.
โ Example: /var/log, /var/tmp, /var/spool.
4. Tip
โ Linux uses a hierarchical tree structure with / at the top.
โ Each directory serves a specific purpose , from configuration to user data.
โ Understanding the file system hierarchy is essential for system administration, troubleshooting, and development.
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