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# Frontend isn’t just React + Tailwind + calling APIs.
This is the real 2025–2026 roadmap that Google, Meta, Amazon, Vercel, Shopify, Stripe actually expect (not the “build 10 todo apps” YouTube nonsense).
### DSA – Yes, even for frontend
- Google/Meta/Amazon will still LeetCode you in frontend interviews
- If you fail DSA, your 50 side projects won’t save you
- Master this → you’re instantly top 5% of candidates
### 0. Ground Setup – Don’t touch frameworks yet
Before React, you need:
- One main language: TypeScript (non-negotiable at big tech in 2025)
- Git mastery: branching strategies, rebases, fixup commits, squash, cherry-pick, PR reviews
- Terminal + Linux basics (ls, cd, grep, tail, SSH, tmux)
- Browser DevTools god-level: Network, Performance, Memory, Sources, Lighthouse, Application tabs
First principles you must own:
- How a browser turns HTML/CSS/JS into pixels on screen
- Critical Rendering Path → DOM → CSSOM → Render Tree → Layout → Paint → Composite
- What really happens from typing a URL → seeing content
You must be able to:
- SSH into a server, git clone, npm ci, npm run dev, open localhost and explain every request/response
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### 1. Core Frontend Fundamentals
#### 1.1 Deep Browser & Networking
- DNS → TCP handshake → TLS → HTTP/2 vs HTTP/3 vs QUIC
- CORS, preflight requests, credentials, same-origin policy
- Cache-Control, ETag, If-None-Match, stale-while-revalidate
- Cookie attributes: SameSite, Secure, HttpOnly, Partitioned (CHIPS
- Core Web Vitals 2025: LCP, INP, CLS, TTFB, FCP
Practice:
- Build a site with zero frameworks (vanilla HTML + JS + Fetch API)
- Manually implement caching and fix a CORS error on purpose
#### 1.2 HTML & CSS Mastery (still grilled in 2025)
- Semantic HTML5 + landmark roles
- Modern CSS: Container Queries, :has(), Subgrid, Cascade Layers, Scroll-driven animations, @property
- Architecture: BEM vs CUBE CSS vs Tailwind trade-offs
- Responsive + fluid typography + logical properties
You must be able to:
- Build a complex dashboard layout using only CSS Grid + ResizeObserver (no UI library)
- Make everything 100% accessible and keyboard-friendly by default
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### 2. JavaScript – The Real Depth
- Closures, prototypes, this binding, event loop, microtasks vs macrotasks
- Proxies, Reflect, Symbols, WeakMap/Set, BigInt, Temporal API
- Memory leaks & GC behavior
- Async iterators, Generators, Observable pattern
You must be able to:
- Find and fix a memory leak using Chrome heap snapshots
- Write a tiny state manager or bundler from scratch
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### 3. Tooling & Build Pipeline
- Vite vs Next.js vs Turbopack vs Rsbuild – know why one wins
- Tree-shaking, code splitting, chunk strategies, lazy loading
- ESM vs CommonJS vs dual packages
- Polyfills, core-js, browserslist configuration
You must be able to:
- Set up Vite from zero with custom plugins
- Explain why your bundle is 2 MB and reduce it to <100 KB
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### 4. Framework Mastery
#### 4.1 React – 2025 Expectations
- React 19: Server Components, Actions, use, useActionState, useOptimistic
- Next.js 15 App Router mastery (RSC, streaming, partial prerendering)
- Concurrent mode, transitions, useDeferredValue
- Proper data fetching (zero waterfall useEffects)
You must be able to:
- Build a production-grade Next.js app with Server Actions + RSC only
- Explain why useEffect is an anti-pattern in 2025
#### 4.2 Beyond React (they ask this now)
- Solid.js (Signals), Svelte 5 (Runes), Qwik (Resumability), Vue Vapor
- When signals beat useState by 5–10× runtime performance
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### 5. State Management & Data Layer (2025 edition)
- Server state: TanStack Query v5 mastery (infinite queries, prefetching, devtools)
- Client atomic state: Jotai, Zustand, Valtio – know exact trade-offs
- End-to-end types: tRPC + Zod or Hono RPC
- Offline-first, mutation queues, optimistic UI
You must be able to:
- Replace 90% of Redux code with TanStack Query + Jotai atoms
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