This new week, may we be at the right place and at the right time, meeting with the right people, doing the right things and attracting the right blessings. ๐๐ผ
First time I met my wife I billed her for โฌ100 euros jokingly and she sent it without asking what for. Thatโs when I knew I must marry her. And today we are 2 years in and counting ๐๐ค
Guys bill that woman today you could just find your soulmate ๐ธ
'The devil doesn't bother himself with those who live life devoid of purpose, because he knows they will destroy themselves with their own slothful hands'
Excellent breakdown sir! To add a quick clinical pearl for the students reading: This is exactly why we use Folinic Acid (Leucovorin) for Methotrexate rescue in high-dose oncology, but standard Folic Acid is usually enough for daily prophylaxis in Rheumatoid Arthritis. The DHFR bypass makes all the difference clinically
Folic Acid vs. Folinic Acid: Understanding the Vitamin B9 Difference
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Folic acid and folinic acid (leucovorin) are both forms of vitamin B9 (folate), crucial for DNA synthesis, cell division, and red blood cell formation. Despite similar names and roles, they are not interchangeable. Misunderstanding their pharmacology can lead to suboptimal outcomes in pregnancy, oncology, rheumatology, and genetic cases. Clinicians must know when to prescribe each.
Pharmacology โโโโโโโโ-
Folic Acid is the synthetic, fully oxidized form used in supplements and food fortification. It is inactive and requires conversion by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) enzyme to dihydrofolate, then tetrahydrofolate (THF), and finally the active 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) via MTHFR. This process can be slow, saturated at high doses, or impaired by genetics (MTHFR polymorphisms) or DHFR inhibitors like methotrexate.
Folinic Acid is a naturally occurring, reduced form (5-formyl-THF). It bypasses the DHFR step, quickly converting into other active folate derivatives. It delivers active folate faster and works even when DHFR is blocked, achieving higher effective levels more reliably.
Clinical Indications โโโโโโโ
Folic Acid is ideal for routine use: preventing neural tube defects in pregnancy (400โ800 mcg daily), treating general folate deficiency or megaloblastic anemia (when conversion is intact), and low-cost daily supplementation. It is also commonly used to mitigate methotrexate side effects in rheumatoid arthritis.
Folinic Acid is preferred for specialized scenarios: โrescueโ after high-dose methotrexate to protect normal cells from toxicity without reducing anti-cancer efficacy; enhancing 5-FU chemotherapy; cases with impaired folate metabolism, MTHFR issues, or cerebral folate deficiency; and as an antidote for certain drug toxicities (pyrimethamine, trimethoprim).
Why the Confusion? โโโโโ
Similar names, overlapping folate pathways, and both being used for โfolate supportโ cause mix-ups in prescribing and patient education. Folic acid is ubiquitous over-the-counter, while folinic acid is more specialized (often prescription). Some assume one is simply a โbetterโ version of the other.
Key takeaway: โโโโโโโโ
Choose folic acid for everyday prevention. Reserve folinic acid when rapid active folate delivery or DHFR bypass is needed. This distinction ensures safer, more effective therapy in vulnerable patients. #MedTwitter #MedEd #MedX @IhabFathiSulima
Working hard and nothing to show for it yet? Keep going.
If your effort is built on the principle in this video, the harvest is only delayed, not denied. You will succeed.
I will bet on you to thrive and to carry the weight that comes after.โโโโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
It works.
Anything you lose as a man that's not your life, you can get it back, even bigger. You can bounce back from anything. Think big, donโt quit. Youโve done it before, you can do it again! โ๏ธ๐ง
If the U.S. wants to manufacture like China, it has to plan and implement industrial policies like China.
Can it do so? Probably not. Democracy is good at preventing bad policy (like the Great Leap Forward), but it is terrible at maintaining good policy (like investing in raw materials).
Very interesting piece by @damienics and @wstv_lizzi
An Industrial Policy With American Characteristics https://t.co/XInyKxutf0 via @ForeignAffairs
Political leadership matters.
A Jack Ma/Alibaba wouldn't have been possible under Mao - it was only possible after Deng instituted several reforms.
You can't simply tell young Africans to "entrepreneur their way" out of poverty - with zero political/economic reforms.
If Russia takes Ukraine, the U.S. loses more than an allyโit hands Putin control over crucial resources AND sends a signal to our adversaries that military aggression works (cough, coughโฆChina, Iran, North Korea)
If Ukraine loses, WE LOSE.
They parse criticisms through a 'how does it make me feel' filter, rather than ask "Is it true?" and thereby expose their incapacity for objective and critical self-appraisal.
And there are very few people more pathetic than those who cannot criticise themselves.