Understanding P-Values is essential for improving regression models. In 2 minutes, learn what took me 2 years to figure out.
1. The p-value: A p-value, in statistics, is a measure used to assess the strength of the evidence against a null hypothesis.
2. Null Hypothesis (H0): This is a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena or no association among groups. For example, the regressor does not affect the outcome.
3. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): This is what you want to test for. It is often the opposite of the null hypothesis. For example, that the regressor does affect the outcome.
4. Calculating the p-value: The p-value for each coefficient is typically calculated using the t-test. There are several steps involved. Let's break them down.
5. Coefficient Estimate: In a regression model, you have estimates of coefficients (ฮฒ) for each predictor. These coefficients represent the change in the dependent variable for a one-unit change in the predictor, holding all other predictors constant.
6. Standard Error of the Coefficient: The standard error (SE) measures the accuracy with which a sample represents a population. In regression, the SE of a coefficient estimate indicates how much variability there is in the estimate of the coefficient.
7. Test Statistic (T): The test statistic for each coefficient in a regression model is calculated by dividing the Coefficient Estimate / Standard Error of the Coefficient. This gives you a t-value.
8. Degrees of Freedom: The degrees of freedom (df) for this test are usually calculated as the number of observations minus the number of parameters being estimated (including the intercept).
9. P-Value Calculation: The p-value is then determined by comparing the calculated t-value to the t-distribution with the appropriate degrees of freedom. The area under the t-distribution curve, beyond the calculated t-value, gives the p-value.
10. Interpretation: A small p-value (usually โค 0.05) indicates that it is unlikely to observe such a data pattern if the null hypothesis were true, suggesting that the predictor is a significant contributor to the model.
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Git Merge vs. Rebase vs. Squash Commit!
What are the differences?
When we ๐ฆ๐๐ซ๐ ๐ ๐๐ก๐๐ง๐ ๐๐ฌ from one Git branch to another, we can use โgit mergeโ or โgit rebaseโ. The diagram below shows how the two commands work.
๐๐ข๐ญ ๐๐๐ซ๐ ๐
This creates a new commit Gโ in the main branch. Gโ ties the histories of both main and feature branches.
Git merge is ๐ง๐จ๐ง-๐๐๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐. Neither the main nor the feature branch is changed.
๐๐ข๐ญ ๐๐๐๐๐ฌ๐
Git rebase moves the feature branch histories to the head of the main branch. It creates new commits Eโ, Fโ, and Gโ for each commit in the feature branch.
The benefit of rebase is that it has ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐๐๐ซ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ.
Rebase can be dangerous if โthe golden rule of git rebaseโ is not followed.
๐๐ก๐ ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐๐๐ง ๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ข๐ญ ๐๐๐๐๐ฌ๐
Never use it on public branches!
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The monthly close in gold prices at all-time highs makes silver one of the most important charts in macro right now.
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"Let's Build a Simple Database -- Writing a #sqlite clone from scratch in C"
Haven't read the whole thing yet, but this looks super-interesting ๐.
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Some advantages of using semantic HTML
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- Importance SEO ๐
4 GitHub repositories that will help you with CSS ๐ผ๐จ
๐ https://t.co/3HC6CtXc0X
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๐ https://t.co/Kv8IuMwpQQ
The CSS linear-gradient() functions is used to create the background images consisting of a two or more colors. It creates the gradient background.
But there are a lot values we can pass in this linear-gradient function which makes it confusing.
Check out this cheat sheet ๐
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