Wong Ndeso @sugiana73 - Twitter Profile

sugiana73 retweeted

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@BraveSoulsSpace

6 months ago

Let’s invest in agriculture, let’s secure the future!

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sugiana73 retweeted

Economics and Agriculture

@Agrieconom

6 months ago

KEY IMPORTANT ECONOMIC FORMULAS Follow Grow Up Economics 1. GDP (Expenditure Method) GDP = C + I + G + (X − M) It measures the total value of final goods & services produced in a country. C = Household spending I = Investment by firms G = Government expenditure (X − M) = Net exports 2. Inflation Rate Inflation Rate = (Pt − P0) / P0 × 100 Shows how fast prices are rising in the economy. Pt = Current price level P0 = Base year price 3. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) PED = % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Price Measures responsiveness of demand to price change. PED > 1 → Elastic demand PED < 1 → Inelastic demand 4. Average Cost (AC) AC = TC / Q Cost of producing one unit of output. 5. Marginal Cost (MC) MC = ΔTC / ΔQ Extra cost of producing one more unit. 6. Revenue Formulas ▪️TR = P × Q → Total earnings of a firm ▪️AR = TR / Q → Revenue per unit ▪️MR = ΔTR / ΔQ → Extra revenue from one more unit 7. Break-Even Point TR = TC Situation of no profit, no loss. 8. Unemployment Rate Unemployment Rate = (Unemployed / Labour Force) × 100 Percentage of people without jobs but willing to work. 9. Per Capita Income PCI = National Income / Population Average income per person (used to compare living standards). 10. Saving Function S = Y − C Income left after consumption. 11. Consumption Function C = a + bY Shows relation between income & consumption. a = Minimum consumption (even without income) b = MPC 12. MPC (Marginal Propensity to Consume) MPC = ΔC / ΔY Portion of extra income spent on consumption. 13. Multiplier k = 1 / (1 − MPC) Shows how much income increases due to investment. 14. Investment Function I = I₀ Investment assumed constant (autonomous) in basic models. 15. Total Cost TC = TFC + TVC Total cost = Fixed cost + Variable cost. 16. National Income Y = C + I + G + (X − M) Total income generated in an economy (same as GDP at market price).

Agrieconom's tweet photo. KEY IMPORTANT ECONOMIC FORMULAS

Follow Grow Up Economics

1. GDP (Expenditure Method)

GDP = C + I + G + (X − M)

It measures the total value of final goods & services produced in a country.

C = Household spending
I = Investment by firms
G = Government expenditure
(X − M) = Net exports

2. Inflation Rate

Inflation Rate = (Pt − P0) / P0 × 100

Shows how fast prices are rising in the economy.

Pt = Current price level
P0 = Base year price

3. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED)

PED = % Change in Quantity Demanded / % Change in Price

Measures responsiveness of demand to price change.

PED > 1 → Elastic demand
PED < 1 → Inelastic demand

4. Average Cost (AC)

AC = TC / Q

Cost of producing one unit of output.

5. Marginal Cost (MC)

MC = ΔTC / ΔQ

Extra cost of producing one more unit.

6. Revenue Formulas

▪️TR = P × Q → Total earnings of a firm
▪️AR = TR / Q → Revenue per unit
▪️MR = ΔTR / ΔQ → Extra revenue from one more unit

7. Break-Even Point

TR = TC

Situation of no profit, no loss.

8. Unemployment Rate

Unemployment Rate = (Unemployed / Labour Force) × 100

Percentage of people without jobs but willing to work.

9. Per Capita Income

PCI = National Income / Population

Average income per person (used to compare living standards).

10. Saving Function

S = Y − C
Income left after consumption.

11. Consumption Function

C = a + bY

Shows relation between income & consumption.

a = Minimum consumption (even without income)
b = MPC

12. MPC (Marginal Propensity to Consume)

MPC = ΔC / ΔY

Portion of extra income spent on consumption.

13. Multiplier

k = 1 / (1 − MPC)

Shows how much income increases due to investment.

14. Investment Function

I = I₀

Investment assumed constant (autonomous) in basic models.

15. Total Cost

TC = TFC + TVC

Total cost = Fixed cost + Variable cost.

16. National Income

Y = C + I + G + (X − M)
Total income generated in an economy (same as GDP at market price).

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sugiana73 retweeted

Economics and Agriculture

@Agrieconom

7 months ago

Factors of Production ************************ The Factors of Production are the fundamental inputs used to produce all goods and services, acting as the bedrock of any economic system. Economists traditionally classify these resources into four distinct categories, each essential to the creation of economic output: • Land: Encompassing all natural resources used in production, such as raw materials, minerals, fertile soil, and the physical space itself. • Labor: Referring to the physical and mental effort contributed by people in the production of goods and services. • Capital: Defined as the man-made resource—tools, machinery, factories, and infrastructure—used to produce other goods, distinct from financial capital. • Entrepreneurship: The unique human skill that involves taking the initiative to combine the other three factors, bearing the risk of starting new businesses, and innovating new processes. These four scarce inputs must be efficiently allocated and combined to create economic output. The analytical focus on the factors of production centers on the production process and resource allocation. A firm must decide the optimal combination of these factors (the production function) to maximize output and minimize costs. The quality and quantity of a nation's available factors directly determine its productive capacity, often visualized through the Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF). For instance, investing in high-quality capital (e.g., advanced robotics) makes labor more productive, leading to greater output per worker. Furthermore, the allocation of these factors is driven by market prices: Land commands Rent, Labor earns Wages, Capital yields Interest, and Entrepreneurship is rewarded with Profit. These factor payments reflect the relative scarcity and demand for each input. From a national perspective, the growth and development of an economy are intrinsically linked to the expansion and improvement of its factors of production. Long-term economic growth is achieved not just by increasing the quantity of inputs, but by enhancing their quality—a concept known as Total Factor Productivity (TFP). Improving Labor through education and training creates Human Capital, which is essential for innovation. Investment in Capital drives technological progress and efficiency. Crucially, fostering Entrepreneurship is vital, as these risk-takers are the agents who disrupt existing markets and create entirely new wealth. Therefore, government policies often target factor development, such as funding education (Labor) or offering tax breaks for R&D (Capital and Entrepreneurship), viewing these factors as the primary levers for raising the entire nation's standard of living. #economicscom02

Agrieconom's tweet photo. Factors of Production
************************
The Factors of Production are the fundamental inputs used to produce all goods and services, acting as the bedrock of any economic system. Economists traditionally classify these resources into four distinct categories, each essential to the creation of economic output:
• Land: Encompassing all natural resources used in production, such as raw materials, minerals, fertile soil, and the physical space itself.
• Labor: Referring to the physical and mental effort contributed by people in the production of goods and services.
• Capital: Defined as the man-made resource—tools, machinery, factories, and infrastructure—used to produce other goods, distinct from financial capital.
• Entrepreneurship: The unique human skill that involves taking the initiative to combine the other three factors, bearing the risk of starting new businesses, and innovating new processes.
These four scarce inputs must be efficiently allocated and combined to create economic output.
The analytical focus on the factors of production centers on the production process and resource allocation. A firm must decide the optimal combination of these factors (the production function) to maximize output and minimize costs. The quality and quantity of a nation's available factors directly determine its productive capacity, often visualized through the Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF). For instance, investing in high-quality capital (e.g., advanced robotics) makes labor more productive, leading to greater output per worker. Furthermore, the allocation of these factors is driven by market prices: Land commands Rent, Labor earns Wages, Capital yields Interest, and Entrepreneurship is rewarded with Profit. These factor payments reflect the relative scarcity and demand for each input.
From a national perspective, the growth and development of an economy are intrinsically linked to the expansion and improvement of its factors of production. Long-term economic growth is achieved not just by increasing the quantity of inputs, but by enhancing their quality—a concept known as Total Factor Productivity (TFP). Improving Labor through education and training creates Human Capital, which is essential for innovation. Investment in Capital drives technological progress and efficiency. Crucially, fostering Entrepreneurship is vital, as these risk-takers are the agents who disrupt existing markets and create entirely new wealth. Therefore, government policies often target factor development, such as funding education (Labor) or offering tax breaks for R&D (Capital and Entrepreneurship), viewing these factors as the primary levers for raising the entire nation's standard of living.

#economicscom02

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sugiana73 retweeted

Economics and Agriculture

@Agrieconom

8 months ago

The banana plant is not a tree — it is a giant herbaceous plant. What looks like a trunk is the pseudostem, formed by the tightly overlapping bases of its leaf sheaths. 🌿 Understanding its anatomy helps make sense of how it grows, even in temperate gardens. Flag leaf: the last leaf produced before flowering. Its appearance signals that the bunch is already forming inside the pseudostem — the plant is committed to fruiting. Adult leaf: powers the photosynthesis that fills the fruit. Every leaf lost to wind damage or disease directly reduces the final weight of the bunch. Leaf blade (lamina): the wide flat part of the leaf, crossed by a prominent midrib, with an upper surface (adaxial) and a lower surface (abaxial). Pseudopetiole: the section connecting the leaf blade to the pseudostem. Pseudostem: the false trunk, built entirely from tightly rolled leaf bases wrapped around each other. It can reach between 6 and 25 feet depending on variety, but contains no woody tissue whatsoever. Bunch (bunch of hands): the complete fruit structure. Each row of bananas is a hand, and each individual banana is a finger. A bunch carries between 6 and 14 hands depending on variety and growing conditions. Female flower hands: these develop into the hands of fruit. The female flowers open first and are the ones that set fruit. Flower heart (male inflorescence): the pendant bud at the end of the bunch, containing the male flowers. In tropical cuisines it is cooked as a vegetable. Sucker (pup): the lateral shoot emerging from the rhizome. This is the primary method of propagation — the parent plant dies after fruiting and the sucker takes over. Rhizome: the true underground stem of the plant, from which both the roots and the suckers originate. Roots: fibrous and shallow, concentrated in the top 12 inches of soil — which is why bananas need consistent surface moisture and do not compete well with deep-rooted plants. In the US, banana plants can be grown in the ground year-round in zones 8 to 11. In zones 5 to 7, Musa basjoo — the Japanese fiber banana — is the most cold-hardy ornamental variety, surviving to around -10F with heavy mulching over the rhizome. Ensete ventricosum and Musa sikkimensis are other cold-tolerant options for northern gardens grown as summer tropicals in containers. 🌿 Not a tree. Not a palm. A giant herb that fruits once and hands the garden to its children. #fyp #gameday #comunityevent #darkhumor Sammayorgreenfild