🇫🇷 SWEEL 🇵🇸🍉

Crypto Investor-Focus on undervalued gems@💎

[LIZ CROKIN @LizCrokin]

Thank you to everyone who has sent me information to help my dad beat his prostate cancer with your tips on the Ivermectin + Mebendazole protocol. If you or anyone you know has had success with this, can you please answer these two questions in the comments for me.

- What’s a good and trusted pharmacy to get Ivermectin & Mebendazole from?

- What doctor would you recommend to oversee this protocol for a cancer diagnosis?

[🇫🇷 SWEEL 🇵🇸🍉 @sweell42]

Découvre la vidéo de N'Gi Beauty Artist ! #TikTok https://t.co/anH24aRGLa

[🇫🇷 SWEEL 🇵🇸🍉 @sweell42]

Découvre la vidéo de N'Gi Beauty Artist ! #TikTok https://t.co/dBSsTZaCh5

[🇫🇷 SWEEL 🇵🇸🍉 @sweell42]

Découvre la vidéo de N'Gi Beauty Artist ! #TikTok https://t.co/xjvjt8hA04

[🇫🇷 SWEEL 🇵🇸🍉 @sweell42]

Découvre la vidéo de N'Gi Beauty Artist ! #TikTok https://t.co/gV5XcM5kHc

[William Makis @MakisMedicine]

BREAKING NEWS: PEDIATRIC CANCER Waitlist has been officially launched! 😃

If you have a child with cancer and you are interested in repurposed drugs like Ivermectin, Mebendazole

You can email us and get priority placement! 🙏

More big announcements to come!

[🇫🇷 SWEEL 🇵🇸🍉 @sweell42]

Découvre la vidéo de N'Gi Beauty Artist ! #TikTok https://t.co/TIczyANu6r

[William Makis @MakisMedicine]

NEW ARTICLE: RESEARCH: IVERMECTIN in OVARIAN CANCER: Ivermectin synergy with a statin - 2023 Paper by UK and Iraqi researchers

New Repurposed Drug combination for Cancer!

Ivermectin + Statin

2023 Jawad et al - Ivermectin augments the anti-cancer activity of pitavastatin in Ovarian Cancer Cells

HIGHLIGHTS:

Researchers previously showed pitavastatin (a cholesterol lowering statin drug) can kill ovarian cancer cells at high doses

They wanted to identify a drug synergistic with pitavastatin to lower the dose needed for pitavastatin to be effective in Ovarian cancer

They tested IVERMECTIN + PITAVASTATIN in 6 Ovarian Cancer cell lines.

They tested the two drugs, separately and together, on six different lab-grown ovarian cancer cell lines (including COV-318 cells). They measured:

How much the drugs (Ivermectin, Pitavastatin) slowed or stopped cancer cell growth.

Whether the combination caused more cancer cells to die (apoptosis).

RESULTS:

Ivermectin used at lower dose had only a mild effect on Ovarian Cancer cells

Ivermectin + Pitavastatin had a strong synergistic effect

DISCUSSION:

Previous work from Ricardo et al. has shown a synergistic interaction between pitavastatin, paclitaxel, and ivermectin in Ovarian Cancer

These authors found that these drugs synergistically decreased the viability of paclitaxel-resistant Ovarian Cancer cells.

“We are particularly interested in whether statins can be used as an alternative to chemotherapy, possibly in patients who have become resistant to chemotherapy, so we explored the combination of pitavastatin and ivermectin in the absence of paclitaxel.”

“In this study, we report synergy between pitavastatin and ivermectin, and this synergy may contribute to the synergy observed in the triple-drug combination evaluated by Ricardo”

A synergistic interaction was observed in Fuov-1, Cov-362 and Cov-318 Ovarian Cancer cells.

In the latter two cells, synergy was observed at multiple concentrations of Ivermectin

CONCLUSION:

Repurposed drugs are the FUTURE of Cancer Care.

We have helped over 9000 Cancer patients with Ivermectin, Mebendazole and Fenbendazole in the largest Ivermectin Cancer Project in the world!

The repurposed drug revolution is coming to FLORIDA along with New Cancer Clinics! 😀

Article link in first photo at the top to avoid shadowbanning on X, just retype the URL into your browser.

[🇫🇷 SWEEL 🇵🇸🍉 @sweell42]

Découvre la vidéo de N'Gi Beauty Artist ! #TikTok https://t.co/ORsoBvJBDW

[William Makis @MakisMedicine]

NEW ARTICLE: OZONE, MELATONIN, CBD OIL Testimonial - 42 year old Italian woman with Stage 4 Triple Negative Breast Cancer achieves COMPLETE REMISSION!

Repurposed Drugs are revolutionizing Cancer Care, but it's not always Ivermectin, Mebendazole or Fenbendazole. 😃

Italian researchers are doing some serious Cancer Research, and are at least a decade ahead of every big Cancer Center in America 🇮🇹

STORY:
2026 Aguzzi et al - Integrative use of Cannabidiol, Melatonin, and Oxygen-Ozone Therapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer in Lung and Mediastinal Metastases

42 year old woman was diagnosed with Stage 1 Breast Cancer Triple Negative (TNBC) in 2017 and had surgery, chemo and radiation. She was found to have BRCA1 mutation.

In 2019 she was diagnosed with Stage 4 Breast TNBC Lung and mediastinal lymph node metastases.

(perfect example of failure of modern Oncology)

Sep.2019 she started:

Chemo (carboplatin and gemcitabine, stopped in Nov.2019 due to side effects (sorry chemo enthusiasts)

Integrative Protocol: Melatonin, CBD, Ozone Therapy:

Ozone (Rectal): 80ug/mL, 2.5ml/kg, 4 times per week for 3 months, followed by a 3 month break

Melatonin, starting at 100mg/day and increasing the dose by 100mg every 3 days up to 2000mg/day (500mg tablets, 4 per day)

CBD 200mg/day during the three month Ozone Therapy and 400mg/day during the three month breaks.

RESULTS:

Jan.2020 - CT showed reduction in lung nodules and lymph node volume

Mar.2020 - She started Olaparib (Targeted Therapy) (stopped June 2023)

Apr.2020 - CT showed further reduction of lymph node size

July 2020 - She started Vitamin D 50,000IU once a week

Apr.2021 - CT showed complete response, no detectable disease.

Jan.2026 - She remains cancer free 5 years later!

COMMENT:

After 2 months of Melatonin + CBD + Ozone, lung nodules were no longer detectable and lymph nodes started to shrink.

After 1.5 years, patient achieved a complete response (!!)

The antiproliferative and chemosensitizing effects of MLT and CBD have been extensively demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, including in breast cancer models

Ozone therapy has been reported to inhibit breast cancer cell growth and enhance chemotherapy efficacy in vitro

Combined use of CBD, MLT, and O2/O3 therapy recently demonstrated synergistic anticancer activity in preclinical models of PANCREATIC ductal adenocarcinoma (will be covered tomorrow)

I have helped over 9000 Cancer patients with Ivermectin, Mebendazole and Fenbendazole in the largest Ivermectin Cancer Project in the world (currently moving to FLORIDA)

Artificial Intelligence will tell you that Ivermectin, Mebendazole and Fenbendazole are the most promising repurposed drugs for Cancer today.

However, Melatonin and CBD will often find themselves in the top 10, and there is a growing body of research on Ozone therapy.

The Italian researchers are putting major Cancer Centers like Mayo Clinic, MD Anderson to shame.

It's the large Cancer Centers that should be doing cutting edge Cancer Research.

Instead, they are doing cutting edge pharmaceutical SALES.

And that has to change.

FLORIDA will be the first in North America to break this mainstream Oncology profit driven model.

I will make sure of it.

Article Link in the first photo at the top to avoid shadowbanning.

[Olivier Clamaron @Cameron20370744]

LES POUVOIRS DE L AUTOPHAGIE
AUTOPHAGY POWERS
Reducing spike proteins effects.
Dans le cas de la protéine #SPIKE #Covid

Merci aux
Drs Paul Marik et Yusuf (JP) Saleeby, ainsi qu’à Matthew T.J. Halma du World Council for Health, pour cette étude publiée en 2024 dans une revue scientifique à comité de lecture :

Endocrine and Metabolic Science
🔗 https://t.co/i9VAJNwEN8

« Exploring autophagy in treating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-related pathology »

Une étude très complète et passionnante sur l’histoire, les mécanismes du jeûne, de l’autophagie et la façon d’amplifier leurs effets, notamment sur la fonction mitochondriale, grâce à différents compléments.

Autre document très intéressant de l’IMAHEALTH : en anglais
🔗 https://t.co/ZprBv4wcWx

Il y en a des dizaines d'autres gratuits sur leur site et leur blog. Merci à eux.

Le jeûne fait partie de l’hormèse.
Vous trouverez également plus d’informations sur les liens sur mon blog. Ci-dessous.

Thanks to
Drs. Paul Marik and Yusuf (JP) Saleeby — as well as Matthew T.J. Halma of the World Council for Health —for the study published in 2024 in a peer-reviewed journal

Endocrine and Metabolic Science.

https://t.co/i9VAJNwEN8

"Exploring autophagy in treating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-related pathology"

A very comprehensive and fascinating study about history, mecanisms of fasting, autophagy and how to boost their effects, among others on mitochondrial function. Thanks to some complements.

Another very interesting file from IMAHEALTH

https://t.co/ZprBv4wcWx

Fasting is part of Hormesis.
You can find also further information at this link
In English
https://t.co/wjghbzguXv

En français
https://t.co/8J51Z0psvO

Traduction de l'étude de 2024 sur l'autophagie en français.

https://t.co/E2A4X9Pj6y

Autre vidéo : "Les purges, les jeûnes et la nutrition saine par Grégoire Jauvais"
https://t.co/U6A3bMiOnI

Réactivons notre propre puissance et intelligence intérieure. Par la loi de l'homéostasie, des que le corps a plus d'énergie vitale disponible, il sait comment se régénérer plus en profondeur. Et il consacre près de la moitié de son énergie à la digestion ...dès que vous jeûnez vous mettez automatiquement plus d'énergie à sa disposition.
Et par les 4 piliers de l'hormese vous augmentez naturellement votre énergie vitale.

🕊🌪️🔥✌️🫶

#health #healing #fasting #autophagy #autophagie #sante #salud #saude #salute #gesundheit

[William Makis @MakisMedicine]

NEW ARTICLE: IVERMECTIN and FENBENDAZOLE Testimonial - 72 year old Ohio woman with Stage 4 Breast Cancer reports after 6 months

When mainstream Oncology fails...repurposed drugs save the day.

STORY:
72 year old Ohio woman with Stage 4 Breast Cancer metastatic to bones.

Diagnosed in 2013, recurrence to bones in October 2024

In August 2025 she started Ivermectin 1mg/kg and Fenbendazole 1000mg/day, along with Kisqali (targeted therapy).

Results after 6 months: near remission!

Comments:

Mainstream Oncology treatments almost always fail and the cancer comes back.

The reason is quite simple:

Mainstream Oncology treatments don’t kill Cancer Stem Cells and if you leave those behind (chemo doesn’t kill them, hormone therapy doesn’t kill them either), then it is just a matter of time before the cancer returns.

In this case, the patient was fortunate that she was cancer free for 10 years before the Cancer Stem Cells decided to relocate to the bones and start replicating.

Ivermectin is a well known inhibitor of Cancer Stem Cells, it's one of the main mechanisms in Cancer.

Of course, Oncologists hide this information from their Cancer patients. Or they have no idea.

I have helped over 9000 Cancer patients with Ivermectin, Mebendazole, Fenbendazole, in the largest Ivermectin Cancer Project in the world.

This project is relocating to Florida!

Please be patient during the move.

Article link in first photo at the top to avoid shadowbanning.

[William Makis @MakisMedicine]

NEW ARTICLE: RESEARCH: TOCOTRIENOLS in COLORECTAL CANCER - 2024 Review Paper from Malaysia

2024 Khalid et al - Insights into the Anticancer Mechanisms Modulated by Gamma and Delta Tocotrienols in Colorectal Cancers

HIGHLIGHTS:

Vitamin E comes in different forms. Most people know the common “tocopherol” version, but tocotrienols (T3s) are a less common, unsaturated form found in foods like palm oil, rice bran, and some grains.

gamma and delta Tocotrienols seem especially promising for cancer-fighting

Researchers looked at 38 studies (mostly cell and animal studies, plus a couple of small human trials)

Tocotrienols:

Stop cancer cells from multiplying: γT3 and δT3 slow down or stop the growth of colorectal cancer cells.

γT3 works even better on KRAS-mutated Colorectal Cancers, than wild type KRAS. (!!)

Trigger cell death: They push cancer cells to die through apoptosis (normal programmed cell death) through multiple pathways.

Cause Cell Cycle arrest - they “freeze” cancer cells at certain stages so they can’t divide and grow.

Shorten telomeres or inhibit telomerase: Telomeres are like protective caps on chromosomes that let cells keep dividing. Cancer cells often rely on an enzyme called telomerase to maintain them; T3s interfere with this.

Reduce spread (metastasis) and blood vessel growth (angiogenesis): They make it harder for cancer to invade other tissues or form new blood vessels.

Boost the immune response: Early evidence suggests they may help the body’s immune system attack cancer cells, by inhibiting NF-κB activity (shutting down tumor cytokines that dictate immune escape mechanisms)

Suppress Cancer Stem Cells

Improve microbiome by improving helpful gut bacteria (Lactococcus and Bacteroides), reducing carcinogenesis and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Work well with standard treatments: When combined with common chemotherapy drugs, they often enhance the anticancer effects (synergy), potentially allowing lower doses and fewer side effects

MY TAKE...

I have helped over 9000 Cancer patients with Ivermectin, Mebendazole and Fenbendazole in the largest Ivermectin Cancer Project in the world (coming to Florida soon).

Most of them also took Tocotrienols.

[Diogene Ethique @Diogene78125]

Le système éducatif français rend les diplomés du supérieur très arrogants d'une manière générale ( c'est une spécialité française bien connue des étrangers qui nous cotoient. J'ai longtemps travaillé pour les institutions européennes ). Et nulle part cette arrogance n'a de conséquence plus désastreuse que dans la médecine ( ainsi que chez nos pseudo-journalistes et commentateurs médicaux : il n'y a qu'à lire les réactions à votre post ).
Vous avez parfaitement raison de penser ce que vous pensez. Je vous donne un conseil perso d'un insider non médecin issu d'un milieu médical et très critique vis a vis du fonctionnement de la médecine française : si vous avez des idées originales pour soigner votre cancer, mieux vaut que vous ne perdiez pas de temps à essayer de trouver une aide en France. Deux options s'offrent à vous :
1)Quitter la France et aller se faire soigner dans un autre pays avec la thérapie de votre choix ( USA / Floride ? ).
2) Quitter la France pour consulter des nutritionnistes qui témoigneront des effets salutaires d'un changement drastique de régime alimentaire comme Ernst Erb de la Stiftung Gesundheit und Ernährung Schweiz et plein d'autres en Suisse, en Allemagne et aux USA. C'est à dire dans les pays où les alternatives à Big Pharma ont toujours été prises très au sérieux par des gens sérieux. Contrairement à la France où les empêcheurs de penser en rond sont tellement ridiculisés en permanence qu'un "béotien" peut être facilement déstabilisé.

[Olivier Clamaron @Cameron20370744]

Andreas Moritz ce pendant précise que : "l'eau distillée ne contient pas de minéraux, d'où sa capacité à absorber les substances toxiques de l'organisme. Pour qu'elle ne soit pas nocive sur une longue durée, il faut lui ajouter, à la fin, des plantes médicinales ou des minéraux. Pour ma part, j'alterne entre thé vert et cacao 100%, un jour sur deux, avec environ 1g. de gros sel de mer de Guérande non bio, non raffiné, chaque jour. 

Comme pour l eau par osmose inversée , en rajoutant quelques grains de riz basmati et du  sel naturel non raffiné à l' 'eau distillée, elle récupère un peu des minéraux perdus.

L' exposer au soleil ou y mettre un cristal de quartz clair pendant une heure , aide aussi  à lui redonner de l 'énergie".

L' ajout de sel naturel non raffiné à l' eau potable génère des propriétés alcalines et vous fournit ses minéraux et ses oligo-éléments.

merci

Les meilleures énergies et vibrations pour vous tous .

[William Makis @MakisMedicine]

BREAKING NEWS: IVERMECTIN and METFORMIN combined halt canine Breast Cancer growth!

Authors conclude: "Ivermectin combined with Metformin as an autophagy inducer may constitute a novel treatment for breast cancer"

2025 Huili Feng et al: - Synergistic antitumor effects of Ivermectin and Metformin in Canine Breast Cancer via PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway inhibition

Highlights:
Researchers combined Ivermectin (anti-parasitic) with Metformin (diabetic drug) and tested it on breast cancer cells in lab and in mice with dog tumors implanted

Mouse breast tumors cells (4T1) and canine breast tumor cells (CMT-1211) were treated with IVM, MET and then combination of IVM + MET and breast cancer cell viability was assessed.

Transcriptomic analysis showed that the combination of IVM and MET regulated the expression of autophagy-related genes and pathways, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

In vitro experiments showed that the combination of two drugs had a considerably significant effect on cytotoxicity, ROS levels, and the formation of autophagosomes compared to each drug alone.

In vivo experiments showed that IVM combined with MET had an obvious inhibitory effect on tumor growth in canine breast tumor xenografts.

This study concluded that IVM with MET activated autophagy, which killed breast cancer cells by inhibiting the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and promoting the excessive accumulation of ROS.

It offers a theoretical foundation for the synergistic effects of MET and IVM to suppress breast cancer cell activity

In Vivo Testing:

Canine breast tumor cells CMT-1211 were subcutaneously injected into the breast fat pad of Balb/c mice using a xenograft breast cancer model.

The results showed that the growth rate of xenograft tumors in mice treated with IVM+MET was slower than in the control group.

IVM+MET treatment increased necrosis of tumor cells

IVM+MET also reduced the lung and liver metastasis of breast cancer cells

Data suggest IVM+MET can significantly inhibit the growth of canine breast tumor xenografts in vivo

CONCLUSION:
In summary, the combination of Ivermectin and Metformin promotes the production of reactive oxygen species, causes intracellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibits the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, thus inducing the necrosis and autophagy of breast cancer cells.

These findings demonstrate a novel link between Ivermectin combined with Metformin and autophagy mechanisms, suggesting that using IVM combined with MET as an autophagy inducer may constitute a novel treatment for breast cancer.

[Olivier Clamaron @Cameron20370744]

Oui et ce que je préconiserais en priorité c'est d'expérimenter au moins un nettoyage des calculs biliaires du foie ...
J'en ai encore fait deux l'été dernier

Comment nettoyer les calculs biliaires de son foie et sa vésicule

https://t.co/hpFzyYsCRB

Liste des symptômes liés aux calculs biliaires
https://t.co/2WUHmFVhu0

Les spécificités féminines concernent les calculs biliaires
https://t.co/Vl2EStSKI4

[William Makis @MakisMedicine]

Excellent work!! 😃

I fully support you in this (bringing down cost of Ivermectin, Mebendazole, etc and improving availability) 👏

[Mary Talley Bowden MD @MaryBowdenMD]

We finally found a reasonably-priced source for ivermectin and will be selling it out of my office very soon!

[William Makis @MakisMedicine]

NEW ARTICLE: RESEARCH: HBOT in CANCER (Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy) - 2025 Review Paper from Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

HIGHLIGHTS:
Tumor hypoxia represents a fundamental barrier to effective cancer therapy, driving resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy while fostering invasion and metastasis

Tumors often have bad blood vessels and high oxygen demand, creating hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas inside them. Hypoxia makes cancer cells:

More resistant to chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy.

Promotes invasion and metastasis via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs)

Better at surviving in tough conditions.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber (usually 1.5–3 times normal air pressure). This dramatically increases the amount of oxygen dissolved in your blood plasma—far more than you get from normal breathing. That extra oxygen can reach deep into tissues that are poorly supplied, including solid tumors

HBOT, by substantially increasing dissolved oxygen in plasma, offers a unique approach to reoxygenate tumors and remodel the tumor microenvironment.

HBOT MECHANISMS IN CANCER

Fundamental mechanism of HBOT is its ability to increase dissolved oxygen, bypassing limitations of hemoglobin-bound oxygen transport, allowing oxygen to diffuse into deep tissues, reaching hypoxic tumor regions inaccessible to RBCs

HBOT can rapidly elevate intratumoral oxygen levels

HBOT + Chemotherapy

tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) is made of a tightly interwoven network of collagen fibers, which makes it difficult for chemo drugs to reach the hypoxic tumor core, preventing effective elimination of aggressive tumor cells within

dense ECM and high interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in tumor tissues limit the penetration depth of anticancer drugs to typically only 3–5 cell diameters

This structural barrier is a major obstacle to drug delivery into tumors

HBOT inhibits HIF-1 which reduces collagen deposition and interstitial fluid pressure, thereby increasing chemo drug delivery efficiency

HBOT also inhibits HQ1 to induce ferroptosis, enhancing chemo effectiveness

Sarcoma study: HBOT alone did not significantly affect tumor size, but the combination of HBOT and 5-FU significantly slowed tumor growth compared to both the control group and the group treated with 5-FU alone

HBOT + Radiotherapy

HBOT, when combined with radiotherapy, can play two critical roles:

1. acting as a sensitizer to enhance cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation on tumor cells

2. serving as a therapeutic agent to mitigate late radiation-induced tissue damage

HBOT combined with whole brain radiation therapy in patients with solitary brain metastasis improved response rate from 67% to 95%.

HBOT combined with IMRT (intensity-modulated radiotherapy) and chemo for glioblastoma increased survival (2y survival 46%, median survival 22mo)

HBOT has been shown to alleviate late radiation toxicity (LRT) in breast cancer patients, including the mitigation of fibrosis and pain

HBOT also treats radiation-induced cystitis, improving bladder tissue repair and reducing hematuria and urgency symptoms

HBOT + Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy has shown great promise in cancer treatment, but its effectiveness in solid tumors remains severely limited by the tumor microenvironment, particularly hypoxia

Hypoxia is immunosuppressive

Hypoxic nature of the solid tumor microenvironment poses a significant barrier to the effectiveness of both CAR-T and Immune Checkpoint therapies

Some patients also develop resistance to CAR-T Therapy or Immune Checkpoint inhibitors like Keytruda, Opdivo

low-oxygen conditions inhibit CAR-T cell proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine release, thereby substantially reducing their anti-tumor activity in solid tumors

In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), hypoxia-induced immunosuppressive effects significantly increase resistance to anti-PD-1 antibodies (Keytruda, Opdivo)

hypoxia leads to metabolic reprogramming in tumor cells, increasing oxidative metabolism and exacerbating intratumoral hypoxia. This ultimately reduces CD8 + T cell infiltration, thereby diminishing the efficacy of PD-1 therapy

HBOT can effectively reduce the level of hypoxia in solid tumors and improve the immunosuppressive microenvironment, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy of PD-1 antibodies.

In animal studies, HBOT facilitated the delivery of PD-1 antibodies and the infiltration of T cells into the tumor parenchyma, while depleting stromal components such as collagen and fibronectin, thereby attenuating the mechanical barriers within the tumor microenvironment

HBOT treatment also induces robust cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and long-lasting immune memory, effectively preventing tumor recurrence

Conclusion: As an adjuvant therapy, HBOT improves intratumoral hypoxia and synergizes with CAR-T Therapy, as well as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) to enhance anti-tumor immune responses.

MECHANISM OF HBOT IN TUMOR REGULATION:

Direct Mechanisms - oxidative stress and DNA damage

HBOT sensitizes tumors by elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals

HBOT enhances chemotherapy efficacy by increasing oxygen availability and thereby amplifying oxidative stress

Many cytotoxic drugs (like chemo) act through ROS generation, which induces DNA damage and cell death via apoptosis

Indirect Mechanisms - tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, immune regulation

TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT

As tumors are rapidly proliferating and metabolically active tissues, their demand for oxygen and nutrients far exceeds that of normal tissues.

In the early stages of tumor development, due to a lack of vascular support, tumors sustain their growth by diffusely absorbing resources from the surrounding tissues.

However, when the tumor volume exceeds 1–2 mm³ , insufficient resource supply leads to the formation of a microenvironment characterized by hypoxia, ischemia, acidosis, and high interstitial pressure.

This condition prompts the tumor to release various growth factors and cytokines, which activate endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells, thereby promoting the formation of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

The pathological vascular structures within tumors are often characterized by capillary dilation, basement membrane disruption, and extracellular matrix remodeling. These abnormalities facilitate tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.

tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the complex cellular ecosystem surrounding Cancer Stem Cells - it includes surrounding immune cells, blood vessels, Extracellular Matrix, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, bone marrow-derived inflammatory cells, and signaling molecules

Cancer stem cells represent only a small fraction of total tumor mass but are major drivers of tumor initiation, progression, drug resistance, metastasis and recurrence.

Formation and maintenance of Cancer Stem cells largely depend on Tumor Microenvironment (!!)

Tumor hypoxia plays a crucial role in promoting Cancer Stem Cell formation through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling pathway

In one study, researchers eliminated Cancer Stem Cells from two tumors: Triple Negative Breast Cancer, Pancreatic Ca, by combining HBOT with conventional.

HBOT, by alleviating intratumoral hypoxia, suppressed Cancer Stem Cell formation and the associated tumor metastasis.

ANGIOGENESIS

Tumor cells exhibit continuous division and abnormal proliferation, a process that consumes large amounts of oxygen and nutrients

During the early stages of solid tumor development, tumor tissues can acquire oxygen and nutrients through simple diffusion. However, once the tumor exceeds a critical size, diffusion becomes insufficient

Cancer cells in the central region of the tumor become trapped in a microenvironment characterized by nutrient deprivation and hypoxia

to cope, tumor cells activate a series of adaptive response mechanisms, including the upregulation of pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Tumor cells gradually acquire more aggressive phenotypic traits

As tumor continues to grow, formation of new blood vessels becomes essential for ensuring sufficient oxygen and nutrient supply. This angiogenic process marks the transition of the tumor into a phase of rapid progression

HBOT therapy can deplete excessive extracellular matrix components, such as collagen and fibronectin, thereby promoting the normalization of tumor vascular structure and function

CONCLUSION:

HBOT alleviates tumor hypoxia and enhances the success of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy