Theodore Keloglou

I post about tech and books. engineer @poddotnetwork.

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

@jarredsumner @trq212 no way! it's published!

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

@jxnlco definitely cookies from the pacific cookie company https://t.co/UMdYPOKcqC

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

why is firefly ios app not available in the uk? is it a us-only thing?

[vitalik.eth @VitalikButerin]

And ... we have a winner!

My method when writing the post in 2024 was: I wrote it in Chinese, used qwen2.5 locally to translate it to English, then manually fixed all the bugs in the translation.

Notice that the stylistic hints that his AI picked up on were intellectual habits and style of math and algorithm explanation, which bypassed my obfuscation strategy (which only covered prose) completely.
https://t.co/d04MwOjkHP

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

@adityab29_ what is the percentage? the eval success?

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

@jxnlco brilliant author

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

https://t.co/PklJEYVw0k

[vitalik.eth @VitalikButerin]

Two weeks ago, Ethereum researchers met in Berlin to continue charting the protocol's long-term trajectory, following along discussions with client teams in Svalbard in April.

The updated strawmap is at https://t.co/9e2AQ6rhz6, and I attached a picture of it to this post.

My own high-level takeaways:

* "Lean Ethereum" is not a single one-shot upgrade, it is a collection of improvements that will come online to the Ethereum network over the course of three or four years. But make no mistake, this IS the third major iteration of Ethereum in the same way that the Merge was the second. Almost every major piece of the protocol will be replaced:

- Verification through recursive STARKs, rather than direct re-execution. Recursive STARKs become an enshrined first-class core component of the protocol
- Replacing everything quantum-vulnerable with quantum-safe alternatives
- Consensus: decoupled available chain and finality, one or two-round finality. Theoretically optimal security properties, simpler than today, and faster than today
- Multidimensional gas
- State: not just tree structure, but what *types* of state are available
- Changes to client architecture
...

At the same time, simplification, cleanup and future-proofing. And this will all be done in a way that minimizes disruption to existing application. We've done this before (the Merge), we can do it again.

* H-star (aka Hegota) is probably Ethereum's last thematically "pre-Lean" fork. Starting from I-star, most of everything we do will have a very strong "Lean" feel to it in one way or another.

* Privacy is no longer an afterthought, it is a first class goal. When designing Frames, the mempool, additions to the state tree, we explicitly ask the question "okay, how do quantum-safe, intermediary-free privacy protocol transactions go through this, and what is the overhead?"

* Formal verification of everything for security.

* FV also makes us much more comfortable with canonicalization (having pieces of the protocol that are directly defined as a piece of bytecode expressed in some language). evm-asm is being written in part to become a canonical proof system for the EVM.

* Quantum safety has shifted up a LOT in priority. This adds a lot of work (eg. finalizing a quantum-safe blobs design has become urgent; this work has already been ongoing for months)

* Probably the single most disruptive part of the plan is the changes to state. There is growing consensus around leaving present-day-style "dynamic state" mostly unchanged, but scaling it only a medium amount, and adding new types of state that are more scalability-friendly (eg. no need for builders to sync/store all of it) but more restrictive, and that will scale a large amount.

eg. possible Ethereum in 2030: 2 TB of present-day-style (dynamic) state, and 100 TB of new-style (scalable but restrictive) state

This "new-style" state would work very well for ERC20s, NFTs, many defi use cases, but not eg. highly "central" objects like Uniswap contracts, or onchain order books, or other complex things (which are crucial for Ethereum but which only take up a small percentage of state)

Hence, it will not be *necessary* to rewrite any apps, but it will be *very cost-effective* to eg. rewrite an ERC20 token into a newer design that uses a new type of UTXO storage that is currently being explored, so that it will have >10x lower txfees.

Design of these new state types (current ideas: keyed nonces, ring buffers, UTXOs, statically accessible state, temp state) is an area where we will need a lot of feedback from application developers (incl. privacy-friendly application developers) and probably several rounds of rethinking and iteration.

* In the context of a much larger total state size, we need to figure out the incentive issues around who stores this state and what motivates them to. Even saying "each node stores 1%" is not good enough - why do they store that 1% and why are they willing to serve it? This is being elevated as a first-class research area.

* Ethereum will need to have a "VM" other than EVM in one form or another - at the very least, we need something like leanISA for recursive STARKs - and the gains are large in exposing it to users so that we support programmable privacy and better scalability. Right now, the most likely contenders are leanISA and RISC-V.

My own ideal is that in this world, we adjust the protocol so that the EVM becomes a high-level-language compiler-level feature, and the protocol only "sees" RISC-V / leanISA directly. But this is still far away.

* Gas limit increases, blob increases and slot time decreases will happen many times over the next ~5 years. We expect a large gas limit increase with Glasterdam. Each step of increased scale or decreased slot time is a matter of getting to the point where it is safe to do it, which comes from a combination of client optimization and protocol changes.

Ethereum is CROPS.

Ethereum is scaling.

Ethereum is reinventing itself.

Onward.

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

hm, interesting

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

@rough__sea say more

[vitalik.eth @VitalikButerin]

"Pokemon" is short for "pocket monsters".
"Digimon" is short for "digital monsters".

Therefore, "salmon" is short for "saltwater monsters".

(You might object: salmon spend a big part of their life in freshwater. But pokemon spend a big part of their life outside pockets too!)

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

@VitalikButerin 😂❤️

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

imagine building the social network where the putnam winners regularly comment almost pseudonymously

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

fable also struggles with all the various claude code options :/

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

apparently I think adorable things, which I assume makes me adorable. glad to hear!

[Dave W Plummer @davepl1968]

Most programmers think their program starts at main(), which is adorable in the same way that children think the grocery store makes bananas.

[vitalik.eth @VitalikButerin]

A ten-thousand word monster post trying to cover the entire tech tree behind the main lineage of obfuscation (iO) protocols:

https://t.co/46nseINlwF

Special thanks to all who helped!

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

mind blowing science fiction comment

[@levelsio @levelsio]

An entire Herculaneum scroll has been read for the first time

https://t.co/3U3yns52sv

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

Come work together! We have a world-class team working on super exciting and challenging infrastructure + products!

[Pod Network @poddotnetwork]

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New roles:

→ Product Designer
→ QA Engineer
→ Quantitative Markets Engineer
→ Site Reliability Engineer

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

first time I'm using /goal, let's see what happens

[Pod Network @poddotnetwork]

MAKE MARKETS FAIR AGAIN

[Theodore Keloglou @torchandzen]

Competition results!

[Pod Network @poddotnetwork]

Our 3 Week Trading Competition has officially ended!

Thanks to everyone who helped stress test the platform.

So, who won the Rolex?