✨ $2000 Giveaway (4) Winners!
Me & @0xBossman have been cooking so time to do giveaway
To enter: - like rt + tag fren
- join https://t.co/0Vy5Q8clSz
- join https://t.co/pG8DOq9aeI
Winners picked in 48 hours, good luck
@eth_exy Hey mate, would love to know more details please.
- 4years+- in the space
-worked in web3 before for some time
- once i juggle 4/5 work at a time, work long hours with a small family. I do my job seriously 🤟🏻
*bobby can vouch for me, we know each other irl
🌑 Kareta X Zaaptos ⚡️
Holders of 2+ @zaaptos get a Kareta WL
& will be integrated into our future web-games as playable characters!
RT + Comment your APT wallets below to lock in your spot! 🌑
Hi, my name is @yobale27, and I’m a $MEME (@Memecoin) farmer at @Memeland.
On my honor, I promise that I will do my best to do my duty to my own bag, and to farm #MEMEPOINTS at all times.
It ain’t much, but it’s honest work. 🧑🌾
Wowza! Over US$3,300,000,000 worth of BNB, TUSD, and FDUSD is staked in the @Binance Launchpool to farm $MEME (@Memecoin)! That's 3.7 million Apple iPhones 📱 or 67,400 Tesla Model 3 🚗!
$MEME is being listed on Binance in a few days but you still have 26 days to farm. LFG!
An Overview of the Ethereum Whitepaper
Here is a summary of just some of the concepts in the Ethereum whitepaper, a document written by Vitalik Buterin about the Ethereum blockchain.
But it's a good point to start from.
1. Understanding Ethereum
At its core, Ethereum is a blockchain platform with a Turing-complete programming language embedded within it.
This allows developers to create smart contracts with unique:
- Rules of ownership
- Transaction structures
- State transition functionalities
2. Accounts: The Building Blocks
The state of the Ethereum blockchain is primarily composed of accounts. Every account comprises:
- A unique 20-byte address
- State transitions that dictate the account's interactions
- Attributes of an account include:
Other important concepts:
Nonce: A mechanism that ensures each transaction is processed only once.
Ether Balance: A real-time measure of the account's holdings in Ethereum's native cryptocurrency.
Contract Code: Present only if the account represents a smart contract.
Storage: Defaulted to empty. It's the place where the account's data is stored.
3. Ether: The Lifeblood of Ethereum
Ether serves as the cryptocurrency of the Ethereum ecosystem. Its primary purpose is to remunerate transaction fees.
Accounts on Ethereum can be:
Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs): Operated via private keys, typically belonging to individual users.
Contract Accounts: Governed by the contract code, without direct human intervention.
4. Contracts: The Autonomous Agents
Contracts in Ethereum are more than just agreements; they are autonomous agents that inhabit the Ethereum environment.
They function by:
- Executing specific code snippets when triggered by a transaction or a message.
- Maintaining direct control over their balance.
Owning a key/value store, which helps them monitor persistent variables.
5. Transactions: Packages of Instructions
Transactions can be signed data packages that convey messages from one account to another.
These contain:
- Details of the message's recipient
- A digital signature from the sender
- The amount of Ether being transferred
- Optional data fields
- STARTGAS: An upper limit on the execution steps.
- GASPRICE: The fee amount the sender pays for each execution step.
6. Messages: Inter-contract Communications
While contracts can activate other contracts, they communicate using messages.
A message embodies:
- Details of the sender
- The recipient's information
- Ether being transferred with the message
- Optional data fields
- A STARTGAS value
7. Differentiating Between Messages and Transactions
Messages are exclusive in that:
- They are generated by contracts, not by external entities.
- They originate when a contract code initiates the CALL opcode.
- Messages stimulate the recipient account to execute its code.
It's worth noting that contracts can establish and maintain intricate relationships with other contracts.
8. Code Execution Mechanics
Ethereum employs EVM code, a stack-based bytecode language. This process operates in an infinite loop where:
The operation at the current program counter is performed.
The program counter is incremented by one.
This cycle persists until:
- The code concludes.
- An error arises.
- A STOP/RETURN instruction is encountered.
9. Storage Spaces in Ethereum
Operations within Ethereum can utilize three distinct data storage spaces:
The Stack: A Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) structure to manage values.
Memory: A boundlessly expandable byte array.
Storage: A persistent key/value store.
While both Stack and Memory are temporary and reset after computations conclude, Storage retains its data.
10. Anatomy of EVM Execution
While the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) operates, its status can be summarized by the tuple:
(block_state, transaction, message, code, memory, stack, pc, gas).
block_state represents the global state that encompasses accounts, their balances, and storage.
Implementing the above is feasible within merely a few hundred code lines, showcasing Ethereum's elegance.
11. How Ethereum Differs from Bitcoin
Architecturally, Ethereum's distinction from Bitcoin is evident in its blocks, which encapsulate:
Both the transaction list and the recent state.
Data like the block number and the difficulty level.
12. Block Validation Protocol
The legitimacy of a block is determined by the following steps:
1. Confirm the existence and validity of the preceding block.
2. Ensure the block's timestamp exceeds the previous block's and only projects up to 15 minutes into the future.
3. Authenticate the block's number, difficulty, transaction root, uncle root, and gas metrics.
4. Ascertain the block's proof-of-work legitimacy.
5. Using S[0] as the end state of the prior block and TX as the current block's transaction list, state transitions are applied for every transaction in TX.
6. A final state, S_FINAL, is derived by adding the block's mining rewards.
The Merkle tree root of S_FINAL must align with the state root in the block header to deem the block valid.
13. Tree-Structured State Storage
The state within Ethereum is structured like a tree. Post every block, only specific segments of the tree are modified.
Given the similarities between consecutive blocks, data is stored once but can be referenced multiple times using pointers.
14. Contract Code Execution in Validation Process
When defining the state transition function, which forms the block validation algorithm:
A transaction is integrated into block B.
The resultant code execution is undertaken by every node that downloads and authenticates block B.
100 Days of Web3 - day 3
1/ We believe crypto should be fun and accessible for everyone.
So, we’re refreshing our brand to better represent that.
Allow us to reintroduce ourselves…
PHP 🐘 for beginners.
PHP is a programming language for
- Web Applications:
- CMS Development
- Backend APIs
- Data Manipulationons
- Frameworks: for example, Laravel
If you are curious about this programming language,
this thread is for you:
↓
Last supper is ready for $Cheems
You will be eligible for $Cheems if:
You are a holder of $PEPE or $AIDOGE
OR
You have 0.01e or more in your wallet on zkEra mainnet
Be loving Cheems and share this with Cheems lovers.
!Cheems
Claim link:
https://t.co/k63PAW0bbR