Zip CPU

FPGA design engineer and blogger, placing particular emphasis on test and formal verification

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

Wow, lots of new twitter followers just joined. Welcome! Just to give you an opportunity to get to know me and the ZipCPU blog, here's a bit about me and what you can expect here: https://t.co/8ES2DjR5za Again, welcome!

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

Perhaps a picture would do a better job explaining what happened ... The good news is that regressions are now passing (again) following a simple fix (S/W change only) to move the sample clock earlier.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

Today's bug: two simulators (XCelium, Icarus), same logic, one test case passes, one doesn't.

Why? It's a race condition. The model sets its data on the same cycle as it gets sampled. One simulator samples the data before it gets set by the model, the other afterwards.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

@RinkinenTopi Yeah, that's what they tell me ... I just don't know how you would go about guaranteeing deterministic behavior in this particular situation.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

Today's bug: two simulators (XCelium, Icarus), same logic, one test case passes, one doesn't.

Why? It's a race condition. The model sets its data on the same cycle as it gets sampled. One simulator samples the data before it gets set by the model, the other afterwards.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

Sadly, this was a "working" IP. There was no time (or money ...) planned in the schedule for rebuilding critical components.

Time had to be made, but that will push everything else a bit later. I was supposed to be working on a memory controller for another type of memory. Life happens.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

Today's bug of the week is a story. It starts with a commercial memory controller (built by yours truly), that passes all of its simulation tests. Reads tested, writes tested, WRAP tested, Exclusive access checked, etc.

Many, but not all components were formally verified.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

Formally verifying the components involved required building proper interface property sets--to make sure any input assumptions were guaranteed by the prior component and so on. In the process, another bug was found whereby reads (or writes) crossing different devices might get merged. Likewise, reads might have accidentally merged requests across WRAP requests--turning WRAP requests of the H/W into hybrid WRAP requests--even though not all memories support hybrid wrap.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

@Burito_Joe I needed to make certain the IP wasn't in one of the two states listed. The proper boolean expression would've required &&, not ||. As written with ||, the condition will always pass--the FSM state can never equal both of the states its being checked against at once.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

I can't say I've never made this mistake before

Note that TFR_WRITE != TFR_TXPARITY ... otherwise this might've worked accidentally ...

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

Just for context, r_transfer is the name of the state variable -- although the bug would still be a bug either way.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

Further, because this is intended to be an ASIC design, all cache accesses--both tag and memory--will be single port only, for area reduction purposes.

That's just a sample of some sticky details.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

This weeks design puzzle has been to build an AXI cache: AXI in, AXI out with all WSTRB bits set. I've been a bit surprised at the requirements of such a controller, and the more I've dug into it, the more challenging and complex it becomes.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

One subtle reality, is that the two streams (read/write) of such a cache cannot be independent. If nothing else, they will need arbitration to access tag memory. This is in contrast to most of my AXI work, where I try to keep the read/write FSMs as independent as possible.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

This stack exchange post has a good description of the problems with using AES-CTR for memory encryption. I love the included pictures. They tell the story well.

https://t.co/WFlPkpxEKO

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

@TheRetroHQ ROMs take space, but they can be placed on ASICs. It depends on your technology. ROMs that are small enough can be built out of logic. Yes, you can reset an internal RAM from a ROM. You can also use an external flash if necessary.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

One of the differences between ASIC and FPGA design is the initial statement. ASICs don't support them. To build IP that works across technologies, I've had to be very careful where, when, and how I use such statements. In many cases, I've had to remove them over time when my FPGA designs later become ASIC designs.

[IC Freely 🇨🇦 @intothefloyd]

@zipcpu They don't, as long as you define their initial state in register declaration to avoid X's in simulation, and of course to get the initial state that you want, whether 0 or 1.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

@bradipao @samsoniuk @ASiDesigner Three examples where memory reset is needed: 1) Security applications, where you have to guarantee no memory leakage, 2) Histogram accumulators, 3) GPS correlation accumulators. These aren't common examples, but they do happen.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

@samsoniuk @ASiDesigner It takes work--often a small FSM, coupled with a controller that holds READY low while running.

I had to do this with my histogram generator.

[Zip CPU @zipcpu]

Whoever thought AES-CTR could be used to secure memory ... is offering an expensive encryption that looks good but offers zero security.