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[etherscan.eth @etherscan]

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[etherscan.eth @etherscan]

Finalized blocks

Having been accepted by >2/3 validators, it is extremely unlikely to be reorganized without community coordination

To reorg, it requires >2/3 validators to finalize a competing chain, and at least 1/3 validators will have to be slashed

6/

[etherscan.eth @etherscan]

Transactions finalize within 2.5 epochs on average

Checkpoints go through 2 rounds of attestations (1 round per epoch) to achieve finality

5/

[etherscan.eth @etherscan]

Conditions to achieve finality

After receiving attestations from 2/3 of validators, the 'target' and preceding blocks from previous epoch will be upgraded to "Unfinalized (Safe)"

The 'source' and preceding blocks, previously "Unfinalized (Safe)", are upgraded to "Finalized"

4/

[etherscan.eth @etherscan]

Checkpoints and attestations

Checkpoints are the first block in an epoch. Each epoch, validators have to attest to a pair of checkpoint blocks ('source' & 'target')

Validators attest to the blocks that they see make up the longest chain to build new blocks on top of

3/

[etherscan.eth @etherscan]

First, time units on Ethereum

An epoch lasts for 6.4 minutes and comprises 32 slots every 12 seconds

A validator is selected at random to propose a block in each slot. Some slots can be empty when no block is proposed, meaning not all epochs have 32 blocks produced

2/

[etherscan.eth @etherscan]

Did you know? 🤔

Transactions on Ethereum are considered finalized when included in a block that can't be changed without 1/3 of all staked ETH getting burned

Let's learn how blocks achieve their finality status 👇

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@etherscan GM

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@etherscan gm

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@etherscan ?

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