In 1935, two American doctors examined seven women's ovaries and saw small lumps. They called them cysts and named the disease after them. They were wrong. It took 91 years to fix.
What we called PCOS is now Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS), announced today in The Lancet by an international panel of doctors and patients. The renaming followed more than a decade of consensus work and 22,000 patient and clinician survey responses.
The lumps Stein and Leventhal saw were never cysts. Modern imaging shows they were follicles, the tiny sacs inside the ovary that grow and release an egg each month, frozen partway through by a hormonal imbalance. PMOS is a multi-system disorder centered in the endocrine system, the body's network of glands that produces hormones like insulin (controls blood sugar), cortisol (the stress hormone), and thyroid hormones (set the body's metabolism). The ovary trouble flows downstream from there.
The naming choice is not academic. When doctors hear "ovary" in a diagnosis, they look at the ovary. "Metabolic" and "endocrine" send them to the whole body.
PMOS affects roughly 1 in 8 women worldwide, more than 170 million people. The WHO estimates 70% have never been diagnosed. Among those who do, 1 in 3 wait more than 2 years, and nearly half see 3 or more doctors first. The CDC reports more than half of women with PMOS develop type 2 diabetes by age 40, a risk 5 to 10 times higher than women without the condition. Around 37% have clinically significant depression, compared with 14% in women without it. Anxiety runs at 42% versus 8.5%.
A label born from a 1935 look at seven ovaries is finally going away. The new diagnostic guidelines roll out fully in 2028. By then, a woman walking into a clinic with these symptoms should hear questions about her blood sugar and her mood alongside her cycle. Those are the parts of the disease the old name hid for 91 years.
Fifteen Kalinago chiefs walked into a meeting with the British and French empires in 1660 and walked out with both sides agreeing the island was theirs. Their descendants still live there today. You just watched some of them dance.
The Kalinago are the only native group in the Eastern Caribbean still around from before Columbus. Almost every other native group in the region was wiped out by European disease, slavery, displacement, or war. The Kalinago survived because they made Dominica too expensive to conquer.
They had the land on their side. Dominica is mountainous and wild, full of dense rainforest. Kalinago warriors raided European ships and ambushed anyone who tried to land on the coast. After nearly two centuries of failed invasions, both empires finally gave up. They signed a treaty making Dominica officially Kalinago land. That deal lasted more than a hundred years.
When Britain finally took the island in 1763, the Kalinago kept the rough east coast. They are still there. In 1903, Britain officially marked out the 3,700-acre territory, roughly six square miles. About 3,000 Kalinago live there today in eight small villages. The whole area runs by Kalinago rules. The land is shared and can only be sold to someone of Kalinago descent. Every five years, the Kalinago vote for their own chief and a six-member council to run the territory. Police based in Salybia keep order. They send their own representative to Dominica's parliament.
Two Kalinago women lead Dominica today. Sylvanie Burton became the country's first female and first Kalinago president in October 2023. A year later, Anette Sanford was sworn in as the first female Kalinago chief in almost 400 years.
The Kalinago's main traditional dance group is called Karifuna. The traditions they keep alive survived Spanish ships, French plantations, British soldiers, and Hurricane Maria, the 2017 storm that ripped the roof off almost every house in the territory.
The average Council Tax in the UK is £1,770 a year. The average household energy bill is £1,700 a year. The average yearly grocery bill is £3,300. The average yearly rent £16,440.
That’s £23,210.
Minimum Wage is £23,809 a year before Tax.