I had not realised before that the Bronze Age Collapse was literally *caused* by iron.
Bronze age powers like the Egyptians, Hittites and Babylonians used bronze weapons, made by combining copper and tin. Tin was so scarce that only the richest and most powerful groups could access it and the bronze weapons it allowed. (Tin was so rare that it was being transported from Cornwall to the Middle East more than 1000 years BC.) The scarcity of tin gave these empires a near-monopoly on violence.
Iron weapons are not actually any better than bronze ones – they're not stronger or easier to work with, as I'd assumed. They're just much, much easier to mass produce once you have bloomeries, which are the first furnaces that were hot enough to melt iron in a way that made them useable for weapons.
Bloomeries meant that iron ore, which was widespread, could be used to make weapons anywhere. That led to warlords, bandits and city-states rising in a massive decentralization of military power, which the Bronze Age empires were unable to resist.
After the invention of the bloomery, skeletons show a measurable increase in weapon-inflicted injuries. 'Destruction layers' with bones and signs of burning have been found from this time at archaeological sites including Troy. Ancient writers – including Herodotus, Ovid, and the writers of the Old Testament – believed the invention of iron had unleashed a new age of violence.
New at Works in Progress, WEAPONS OF MASS DECENTRALIZATION: how iron itself brought about the Bronze Age Collapse. And what technologies could do the same today?
https://t.co/Ni4DfPYBhr
Fred Kummerow told America in 1957 that the fat in margarine was turning up in the arteries of the dead. The government acted on it in 2015. He was 100.
He was a biochemist at the University of Illinois, and what he had done was simple and slightly grim. He got hold of tissue from people who had died of heart disease and looked at what their arteries were made of. They were full of trans fats, a kind of fat that barely exists in nature and came, in 1957, from one place: the hydrogenated vegetable shortening and margarine the country had just been told to eat in place of butter.
He published it in Science. He was 43.
What followed was a career spent being ignored by experts. The oil industry had friends on every committee. His funding grew thin. In 1968 he talked a panel of the American Heart Association into warning about trans fats, and the warning was pulped and reprinted without it after the shortening makers saw a draft.
Kummerow kept working. He kept his laboratory into his nineties. And he kept eating, quite deliberately and in front of journalists, the diet he had been told would kill him. Eggs cooked in butter. Whole milk. Red meat. He had looked inside the arteries himself and he had not found breakfast in there.
In 2009, aged 94, he filed a formal petition asking the Food and Drug Administration to ban artificial trans fats. The law gave the agency 180 days to answer. Four years later it had not, so in 2013, at 98, he sued the United States government.
Three months after that the FDA announced it agreed with him. The ban was confirmed in 2015. The gap between his paper and the decision was 58 years, which is longer than most of the people who ate the margarine got.
He died in 2017, at 102.
And he spent those last years on a second warning, which has been received exactly as the first one was. The problem, he said, was never the cholesterol in the egg. It is the vegetable oil in the fryer, heated and reheated until it oxidises, and then eaten.
On the record so far, that one is due to be acted upon in about 2070.
🐟 РЫБА, КОТОРАЯ ПОСЛАЛА ЭВОЛЮЦИЮ НАХУЙ
Есть животные, глядя на которых понимаешь: природа творила вдохновенно. Орёл. Тигр. Дельфин.
А потом у неё, видимо, случилась пятница.
И появился красногубый морской нетопырь.
Эта ебанина живёт у дна и вместо нормального рыбьего поведения предпочитает ходить. Да, блядь. Рыба посмотрела на концепцию плавания и решила: «Спасибо, нахуй не надо».
Её плавники превратились в подобие конечностей, которыми она упирается в грунт и ковыляет по морскому дну с выражением лица человека, которого в четыре утра выгнали из бара.
Но главный шедевр тут, конечно, губы.
Красные. Мясистые. Демонстративные.
Будто эта тварь залезла в Instagram, увидела рекламу косметолога «Губки мечты всего за $1999» и сказала: «Ебашь весь шприц».
Причём наука пока не знает наверняка, зачем ей такая роскошь. Возможно, для распознавания сородичей или брачных сигналов. А возможно, природа просто решила доказать, что чувство юмора у неё всё-таки есть.
Самое прекрасное, что это ещё и родственник удильщиков. У рыбы имеется специальная структура для приманивания добычи. То есть она не просто ходит по дну с губами районной светской львицы, она ещё и охотник.
И никакой адской бездны для встречи с этим чудом не требуется. Красногубые нетопыри встречаются примерно от нескольких метров до сотни с небольшим. Можно, значит, спокойно нырять, любоваться морем, кораллами, рыбками, а потом из темноты к тебе пешком выходит ВОТ ЭТО.
Отдельно прекрасна фраза из вирусного поста про «400 миллионов лет эволюции». Конечно, эволюция не сидела 400 миллионов лет над чертежом этой конкретной рыбы:
«Так, плавать будет хуёво. Ходить будет смешно. Теперь губы. Нет, Петрович, ЕЩЁ БОЛЬШЕ».
Но результат именно такое впечатление и производит.
Природа создала акул, способных чувствовать электрические поля. Создала китов массой под 150 тонн. Создала осьминога с тремя сердцами.
А потом посмотрела на остатки запчастей и сказала:
«Хуй с ним. Собираем».
И получилась рыба, которая ходит по дну с лицом женщины, которой только что заблокировали OnlyFans.
Наука, сука. Она прекрасна.
Time flies so fast that we barely notice it passing, and the silence around us is not a sign that we have grown distant; it is merely the noise of the outside world that denies us peace... It is not a matter of forgetting, but of the relentless rush of our days... We lose touch because life weighs heavily upon us, yet it is not emptiness... it is simply the burden of the everyday, distracting us from the heart’s call but never able to silence it... it is simply running out of breath amidst the hustle of life... we lose sight of one another so as not to lose ourselves in the passing days, yet love remains unchanged - it is right here, exactly where we last left it...
My daughter came home from school and said,
“Mum, you’re not going to believe what happened in history class today.”
Her teacher told the class they were going to play a game.
He walked around the room and whispered to each kid whether they were a witch or just a regular person. Then he gave the instructions:
“Form the biggest group you can without a witch. If your group has even one, you all fail.”
She said the whole room instantly lit up with suspicion.
Everyone started interrogating each other. Are you a witch? How do we know you’re not lying?
Some kids clung to one big group, but most broke off into smaller, exclusive cliques. They turned away anyone who seemed uncertain, nervous, or gave off even the slightest hint of being guilty.
The energy shifted fast. Suddenly everyone was suspicious of everyone.
Whispers. Finger-pointing. Side-eyes. Trust dissolved in minutes.
Finally, when all the groups were formed, the teacher said,
“Alright, time to find out who fails. Witches, raise your hands.”
And not one hand went up.
The whole class exploded. “Wait! You messed up the game!”
And then the teacher dropped the bomb:
“Did I? Were there any actual witches in Salem, or did everyone just believe what they were told?”
My daughter said the room went dead silent.
That’s when it hit them. No witch was ever needed for the damage to happen. Fear had already done its work. Suspicion alone divided the entire class, turning community into chaos.
And isn’t that exactly what we’re seeing today?
Different words, same playbook.
Instead of “witch,” it’s liberal, conservative, vaxxed, unvaxxed, pro-this, anti-that.
The labels shift, but the tactic is the same.
Get people scared. Get them suspicious. Get them divided.
Then sit back while trust crumbles.
The danger was never the witch.
The danger is the rumour. The suspicion. The fear. The planted lies.
Refuse the whisper. Don’t play the game. Because the second we start hunting “witches,” we’ve already lost.
[Naomi Dennis]
孙割和李星野之流的逻辑是把女性降格为“卵子提供者、生育载体、风险变量”。婚姻被异化为“风险敞口”,生育被拆解为“项目交付”,为了追求绝对安全,他们必须算计女性。这种韦伯式的工具理性,看似精明,实则彻底杀死了亲密关系,因为完全可控的她,早已不再是“人”,而是没有灵魂的机器。
女拳的逻辑同样如此,只是站在了交易的另一端。她们将自我与男性彻底商品化,将伴侣视为“提款机”、“供养者”或“情绪价值提供者”,用彩礼、住房、财富作为唯一的度量衡。她们极其警惕自己被当成“钱包”或“资源”,却主动把自己标上价格,用价值交换的杠杆去衡量一切关系。这本质上是一种“自我物化”,她们的灵魂沦为了一种待价而沽的商品。
存在主义认为,自由意味着承担不确定性。但男拳和女拳共同犯下的错误是,他们追求的都是“没有风险的自由”。
他们痛恨自己被物化,却又用资源去重新组织人与人的关系;他们为了不被利用,先学会了利用别人;为了控制别人,把别人变成了可以计算的数字。
结果是,不仅对方失去了主体性,自己也失去了作为“人”去爱另一个人的能力。他们可以拥有足够的金钱去购买几乎所有东西,却恰恰因此永远买不到那些钱买不到的东西:信任、亲密与真诚的托付。最终失去了生而为人最宝贵的自由与爱,用一个形象的比喻的话,就是把灵魂卖给了魔鬼。
其实以前我以为这是常识性问题,但目前看来我错了,那么亡羊补牢,推荐大家有空读读《The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus》这本书,好好体会一下。